The Theory Of Interpersonal Communications - 1491 Words

Introduction One of the most dominant theories in the field of interpersonal communications is Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The Uncertainty Reduction Theory was created by Berger and Calabrese in 1975. It is a communication theory from the post-positivist tradition, it is the only communication theory that specifically considers the initial interaction between people prior to the actual communication. Have you ever been invited to participate in an activity and you did not know anyone there expect for one person? Or have you ever received a task but received little information on how to complete it? If you have then you did not know what was expected of you and therefore you were unable to predict what would happen. Because we must face†¦show more content†¦Iowa State University stated that â€Å"the general principles underlying URT apply to most, if not all, human communication.† (2015, pp. 5-6). There may be some that have issues that the URT can apply to most, though it says if not all, but someone may feel like they may not apply the URT in their daily connections with others. Substantive Discussion Throughout this research there are not a lot of negativity about this theory. The theory has been criticized but all the critics find fault in only two areas of the theory and that is that assumptions and its validity. Many believe that the assumptions of the theory are imperfect. Some believe that if one building block of validity is wrong then the theory is in jeopardy. Which Berger has admitted some validity problems in the past, but is not willing to give up. Despite that many seem to be in agreeance with the theory and what it entitles, they all agree that this theory would and does work if applied correctly. It can change how many people communicate on their first daily encounters. One article shared that â€Å"despite these shortcomings, Uncertainty Reduction Theory remains the only communication theory to specifically examine initial interactions.† (West Turner, 2017). Before, we shoot down a theory, because weShow MoreRelatedCommunication Theory Of Interpersonal Communication Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesProposal: Applying Communication Theory to the Study of Interpersonal Communication Marriages in the United States is at an all-time low, while divorces are at an all-time high. One may wonder why is that. Some couples are divorcing because of irreconcilable differences. One could ponder if divorce is a solution due to a breakdown in communication. This proposal will determine if communication theory can be applied to interpersonal communication to create a lasting relationship. This study willRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Theory1064 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: The interpersonal communication theory; expectancy violations theory can be applied to the 2003 romantic comedy film, â€Å"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days†. This essay will discuss the three core concepts of Expectancy Violations Theory in detail; expectancy, violation valence, and communicator reward valence, using scenes throughout the film. The first core concept of EVT is expectancy, in the film expectancy can be applied by looking at the scene where Andie and Ben first come in contact at aRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Theories527 Words   |  2 Pagesconsidering interpersonal communication theories that impact on the delivery of care. 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The three people I am looking to persuade are my uncle Dave, my younger cousin Ryan, and one of my closest friends named Wes. When deciding on who I wanted to persuade I looked for three people who vary in age as my uncleRead MoreInterpersonal Communication : Social Exchange Theory1581 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Communication: Social Exchange Theory Interpersonal communication can be described as communication that occurs between two or more individuals. While communication can be either verbal, nonverbal, or written, interpersonal communication is more commonly practiced through face to face, verbal communication (Burton, 2011). The interpersonal communication process begins with a â€Å"sender†, which is the person that is communicating a message to another person. 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As we dig deeper into the material for leadership and management, the shining theme throughout our readings has been self-less leadership (Satterlee, 2013). This week, we focused on the importance of interpersonal communication, and conflict management. Owner, leaders, and managers must understand the importance of communication especially if any conflict

Wilde created in the opening scene Free Essays

‘The Importance of Being Earnest’. Use comedic devices and refer to the text By merchantable In the opening scene of The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wiled creates a farcical and unrealistic world. Wiled creates a theoretical world during the conversation between Algerian and Lane; the audience would expect Lane to obey Leghorn’s every command with yes sir. We will write a custom essay sample on Wilde created in the opening scene or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Wiled insinuates that Lane is comfortable around Algerian, the audience can also observe that the two men share n informal relationship. Although we can witness the informal side to their relationship, the audience can also notice the class hierarchy between Algerian and Lane, â€Å"l didn’t think it polite to listen, sir. Despite Wiled creating an informal relationship between the two characters; he still wants the audience to understand that there’s still an employer-employee boundary between Algerian and Lane. Wiled also creates an unrepeatable world within Leghorn’s views on marriage and divorce, â€Å"Good heavens! Is marriage as demoralizing as that? Algerian expresses his oblivious views that are considered as unrealistic compared to Lane’s views of marriage for example. Wiled uses epigrams to suggest Leghorn’s views In the opening scene, Wiled also humorously explores the use of epigrams in his play to give a comedic vibe during the scene, Wiled takes everyday sayings and plays with the arrangement of Its words, â€Å"divorces are made in heaven†, despite the fact th at It shows the audience how the character feels, the epigram also suggests the farcical world that Wiled has created. Wiled continues to create a farcical world as Lane and Leghorn’s conversation carries on, the permitted of social class bewilders and confuses the audience-â€Å"If the lower orders don’t set us a good example, what on earth Is the use of them? â€Å". The audience are extremely foreign to Leghorn’s attitudes towards the lowest group in the social hierarchy as traditionally the rich are seen as more superior than the lower class and the rich look down at the poor. In reality the rich should be setting an example for the lower class; however the reversal of fortune creates a grotesque world. The subject of ‘Bundy alongside the use of magnolia’s creates an unrepeatable world for the audience; both Jack and the audience discover this peculiar word that Wiled has created. Furthermore, the misdiagnosis of ‘Bundy creates comedy for the audience. The absurdity of this newly discovered word creates an entertaining aspect for the audience. Also Jack learned that he was In fact a ‘Bunters’; again this creates a comedic element within the opening scene, not only does Jack have no concept of what a ‘Bundy is; Jack has discovered that he is one. To conclude, Wiled creates a farcical and unrepeatable world with the use of comedic devices, such as: magnolia’s, perpetual and epigrams. Wiled uses these comedic devices to emphasis on the absurd views of Algerian, the small conflict between Jack and Algerian and the peculiar relationship between Lane and 1 OFF a typical Victorian society. The two characters interact with each other the way we wouldn’t expect in the Victorian era; they also don’t have typical upper class Victorian views. Therefore, this shows the farcical world that Wiled created in the opening scene. How to cite Wilde created in the opening scene, Papers

IT Ethics Case Study of Digital Single Market

Question: Discuss about theIT Ethics for Case Study of Digital Single Market. Answer: Introduction The essay depicts the research analysis and discussion on Digital singe market. It will illustrate the crucial requirement of ethics in different organization. Nowadays, for most of the enterprises rule and regulations are stated as the major achievements for digital market (digital-single-market, 2016). Two different classical theories such as Deontological and Situational theories are associated and strictly related to the digital market and how it is relevant the ethical theories are mentioned in this essay. Apart from this, different authors provided various arguments on this topic and based on those statements the article will be described. Proper justification along with recommendations will also be provided in this essay. Description of the Article The article demonstrates the application of Net Neutrality in the EU. Open internet service has adopted Regulations (EU) in the year of 2016, 30th April to make it more innovative and distributive (digital-single-market, 2016). The regulations provide opportunity to all the end users, to access the shared internet for their uses. It will help the users to access the content of the messages whenever required. With the help of these regulations, discriminations and content differences get eliminated from the core area (Boban, 2016). All the users become able to access the open internet regardless of its locations and access timing. The factors such as blocking and throttling are also reduced by using this practice. The National Regulatory Authorities (NRA) generally monitors the entire system to detect whether any unethical incident is taking place or not (Broad, 2014). In order to develop the market monitoring and controlling are the most important things that should be considered. So metimes it happens that, single channel is used by many users at a time that time huge traffic might occur (Ess, 2013). However, the load is distributive in nature and in order to reduce legal obligations and monitoring compliances the traffic are equally taken care. In this case, monitoring team equally treats the network traffic. Digital world is a gift but at the same time it is a curse. Classical Ethical Theories Every person has different perspectives and point of view for different situations. Those are sometimes ethical and sometimes those are unethical in nature. Peters, (2015) stated that, different personnel use separate philosophy and moral statements to detect their daily life basis practices. These philosophies help everyone to make transparent analysis on specific decisions and to gain potential knowledge from the various resources. Different environmental issues such as political, social, economical issues can be resolved by adopting appropriate ethical theories in appropriate segments. According to Kuhlen, (2014) ethical violation might destroy the morality and believe of every individual. In fact, proper life style selection can also be made by adopting proper ethical theories. Different classical theories such as situational and deontology theories are used to determine the utilization of open internet services in Australia. Deontological Theory Deontology theory is referred to as the relationship between the morality of human behavior and their duties. It helps human to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong. Once the human become able to understand the difference, he selects the best suited option of behavior for himself. According to Giddens, (2013) the usage of open internet is efficient in Australia but still certain ethical issues are associated to it. In this case, the users get access of the content of the messages whenever needed. Ess, (2013) stated that, there is no option of blocking and thus, all the information are shared in nature. According to body of European Regulators for Electronic communication (BEREEC), the shared network is enjoyed by all the users of open internet. However, rate of data hijacking also enhances rapidly. Though, it serves quality services but still the data security is lesser (Calo, 2013). Considering the data source and destination it can be said that, it is th e responsibility of the human to behave correctly (digital-single-market, 2016.). Classical ethical theories are generally used by the human to define their responsibilities while working socially. Open internet has positive and negative impact on the society. Digital devices are human created; it cannot recognize the difference between ethical and non ethical. Nevertheless, the human should behave correctly so that, data stealing issues can be reduced. Situational Theory Human moral responsibility is to conduct an ideological and accountable behavior while being a part of environment. According to Boban, (2016) the human behavior mainly deals with the situation that is; situation selects how a human should behave. Human is a self governing creature who construct their activity but all these things are dependent on situation. Peters, (2015) stated that in open internet usability many users uses the network at a time and therefore the rate of traffic also enhances. Though, the system provides efficient service but still the chance of data hacking cannot be eliminated completely. Therefore, it can be argued that the rate of unethical behavior can be resolved only if the human create control on their behavior. Recommendations Revised solution: The system used by the users is shared it means all the users are capable to use the network without any boundary. In this case, financial data are also shared thus anybody can misuse those data. Thus, revised proposal is needed to be suggested where; data will be protected rather than shared. Authentication: The users should be authorized so that unwanted users cannot become a part of the shared internet. All the nodes under traffics individually treated very carefully, so there is no such network oriented issues present. But authorization is required so that outsiders cannot enter to the network. Encryption: Data encryption and data decryption is needed to be adopted by the open internet users to reduce the data hacking issues. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, open internet usability in digital single market has positive and negative impact on the society. Due to improper usability ethical issues might occur. Similarly, perfect usability reduced the issues accordingly. Classical ethical theories such as situational and deontological theories are mentioned in this essay and how the story is related to these theories is mentioned in this essay. Apart from this, it has also provided recommendations to the previous solution. References Boban, M. (2016). Digital Single Market And Eu Data Protection Reform With Regard To The Processing Of Personal Data As The Challenge Of The Modern World. InEconomic and Social Development (Book of Proceedings), 16th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social(p. 191). Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Calo, R. (2013). Digital market manipulation. digital-single-market,. 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016, from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/open-internet-net-neutrality Ess, C. (2013).Digital media ethics. Polity. Giddens, A. (2013).Politics, sociology and social theory: encounters with classical and contemporary social thought. John Wiley Sons. Kuhlen, R. (2014). Copyright And Information EthicsAn Insight.Ethical Dilemmas,, 193. Peters, R. S. (2015).Psychology and Ethical Development (Routledge Revivals): A Collection of Articles on Psychological Theories, Ethical Development and Human Understanding. Routledge.

My Counseling Theory Paper free essay sample

Running head: Finding Meaning Finding Meaning in Life Sandy Patty Made Up University Abstract What is to be said about life and circumstances? There are many different theories and perspectives about it, but my concern is when someone feels they have to be subject to their circumstance. Further in this paper I will discuss my personal counseling theory and how I believe that not one person has to be ruled by a certain circumstance and that they are not by any means validated by one person because they have the opportunity to discover meaning in their life for themselves and discover an array of opportunities in life.Finding Meaning in Life Introduction My story is not something new or one that has never been told before, but it is unique to me and bears significant value due to the way that it shaped and formed me into the person I am today and the reason for me pursuing a career in counseling. We will write a custom essay sample on My Counseling Theory Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I come from a mixed, biracial, and very religious family. The women in my family all seem to have gone through significant and grave hardships and/or traumatic experiences. My grandmother was sold as a sex slave when she was 3 years old because her Mother was dirt poor and needed money to sustain her drug/alcohol addiction.At an early age my grandmother was forced into prostitution as a way of life and a means to sustain herself. She then later met my grandfather who was a minister in a local religious church and they married. My mother was born into a very religious environment, strict dress codes, no jewelry, makeup, pants, they were forcefully instructed that they were the lesser of men, and they were to always obey their husband regardless of the issue or circumstance. During my Mother’s adolescent years she was a victim of child molest and the perpetrator was an important figure in the church. When my Mother attempted to tell my grandmother what had happened, she was severely physically punished and accused of lying. Since then, she never once told a soul as it continued to occur. She had become a pin-cushion for a â€Å"religious leader† within the church. Later on in life, my Mother met my father who was a young youth pastor in town and they married. My father was also a very religious man and held strongly to his beliefs. My parents struggled financially and experienced many hardships due to church and family.I believe my parents were somewhat forced in marriage at such an early age due to their religious setting and they were not prepared at all for what faced them ahead. My mother had children by age 19 and her life changed dramatically. My one and only older sibling was born and he became the closest thing to a mentor that I had. I too, grew up in a very religious and strict home environment. We were taught that there was only one way to live and it was according to the Bible and the rules taught in Church, anything else was unacceptable and reprimanded.My father was always a very hard worker and was hardly home due to working so many jobs in order to provide for the family. When he was home, I remember him and my mother arguing constantly due to issues with his family interfering with their marriage and finances. From an early age, I remember my mother crying and coming to me to talk about what was bothering her or issues with my father. I would just listen and offer advice as best as an 8 yr. old could and I remember thinking to myself, â€Å"Is this normal, am I supposed to be doing this? It felt strange and hard to not be biased in a situation involving my family, but I learned at a very young age things a child should not know or experience. I definitely had to grow up quick and learned to figure things out on my own. My older brother pretty much raised me and was the only person I could confide in or talk to. My family was not very affectionate, but rather very cold and distant and always brought everything back to a religious setting.I have always been told I was very mature for my age and I attribute this to my childhood or lack thereof and being forced to play an adult role due to circumstance. I do not write this story for pity, but rather because I believe it played a significant role in me pursuing counseling as a career path. It feels so natural for me when I’m talking to people because it was something I can always remember doing. From such an early age, I have always been engaged with older people and hearing about issues from failed relationships to traumatic/crisis situations.I strongly believe that this is one of the reasons I am not a very judgmental person because I feel I have experienced so much that I know what it is like to go through many different situations and not so pleasant circumstances. Core Theoretical Principles My counseling theory is that even though human beings have the need for approval or longing of someone else to bring substantial meaning in their life, they are not by any means validated by any one person or situation because you focus on the present and future and make the most of your circumstance.I experienced that in my childhood every time I saw my mother and father arguing and later I would hear from her what exactly happened between them. I remember thinking to myself that why would someone stay in an abusive situation or at least not stand up for themselves. I concluded that she needed to be validated by the relationship and for her to leave the relationship or stand up for herself would mean to defy her husband, church, and God. The Existential theory really brought insight into my life because it helped me understand what I always knew and from what I had experienced at an early age. In essence Existentialism states that we are not victims of circumstance because, to a large extent, we are what we choose to be (Corey, 2009, pg. 133). It is about recognizing certain tragedies experienced in life, but also embracing and understanding the positive opportunities that lie ahead, and to also comprehend the fact that we are human and what it means to be just that.It is a difficult concept to grasp at first because society teaches us that it is about building relationships and finding someone to validate who you are as a person, but existentialism is about understanding and facing the fact that we are essentially alone and facing that anxiety. It is in this theory that we tend to discover just who we are as a person and are able to discover more about ourselves and make sense of our existence. According to Carl Rog ers, his experience taught him that if one is able to get to the core of an individual, one finds a trustworthy, positive center. He believed that people are trustworthy, resourceful, capable of self-understanding and self-direction, able to make constructive changes, and able to live effective and productive lives. In this theory, I believe that despite circumstance, a person is able to â€Å"bounce back† and still be able to live a healthy and high functioning life. I would incorporate what Car Rogers expressed as the three main attributes needed to foster change, Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard, and Accurate Empathic Understanding.For me, it has always been very important for me to deal with someone on a personal level, never forgetting that we are all humans and not above anyone else. I honestly believe that when you treat someone with respect regardless of age, gender, race, etc. then trust and respect is created and that is the number one element in any counseling relationship. Gestalt is another form of holistic psychology theory and one that I would strongly employ because I am a firm b eliever in perception and the meaning-making process. Gestalt therapy suggests that the objective is to enable the client to become more fully and creatively alive and to become free from the blocks and unfinished business that may diminish satisfaction, fulfillment, and growth, and to experiment with new ways of being (Corey, 2009, pg. 204). It looks at the bigger picture as a whole not just one part of the whole because I believe in order to truly understand someone you need to perhaps dissect pieces, but only in order to understand the whole.Anticipated Settings I currently am employed at a Child Family Advocacy Center that helps victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, child abuse, and elder abuse. I have always been interested in the helping profession and because of my childhood and the many different experiences and circumstances I encountered, I have always known I wanted to work in this specific area in order to attempt to make a change and help people who fall victims of such a terrible circumstance.As a future counselor I would like to remain relatively in the same field of helping victims of a crime, which include sexual assault, child molest, and domestic violence. I have seen and experienced all of this personally whether with family or friends and I have a passion and urge to help make a difference. I believe that life is definitely not fair, people are played the cards they are dealt, but also that a person is not validated by their past circumstances or anyone and it is up to them to find meaning in their life and discover who they are and want to become.Techniques I believe that it is necessary to provide adequate education and training to all the community because there are many people who unaware of the laws that can protect them from crimes and they are also unaware of the many various options they have to change their situation. I would employ an ongoing community education program offering free training to local offices, schools, day cares, etc. , just to spread the word of the different community resources available to help the people.In working closely with and advocacy center, I would incorporate a domestic violence group that is not biased and one that actually helpful to people and does not enable them. Unfortunately, services in this area are limited to the same s ervice providers and people are left with limited options. Too many times, clients have approached me with disappointment in therapist they have encountered and they are turned off by the idea of counseling because of several negative experiences. I am very passionate about this type of work specifically because of my past and I would like to genuinely be able to help people in these types of situations and therefore, would in the future, like to offer counseling services specifically to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and/or child abuse. I would not be biased, and because of my past I understand what it is like to live in that type of situation and I also understand leaving is not always the easiest decision a person can make because there are many factors to consider.People in these types of situations are very unique in the fact that they have learned to survive on their own and know what they need to do or to say the right thing in order to survive. This is not a situation where one counseling theory covers all clients, so I would tailor each to the specific person because I understand their situation is unique and requires a technique to match. Also, I believe that it is vital to establish a healthy relation ship with the client in order for them to trust you and open up to you. I would incorporate many of the Rogerian techniques regarding the genuine relationship with the client, trusting environment.Victims of any of these types of crime have been through some of the most horrendous situations and they have learned to adapt to the perpetrators needs and threats. If a counselor walks into a session with an â€Å"all knowing† authoritative attitude it will discourage the victim from speaking the truth and the counselor will have lost, which may have been the only opportunity, to help the victim possible change their circumstance. I would enter into the counselor/client relationship giving respect and trust on my part and genuinely attempting to get to know the client and their unique situation.I would also involve the client every step of the way because it is this same client that returns to their situation at home and not me so I would always need to have their best interest and safety in mind. The clients would not just be another file on my desk, but rather a person who’s life can be altered by perhaps just one meeting in counseling so what better change to reach out and try and help someone. It is with this that I would definitely incorporate many of the existential techniques in helping clients find meaning in their life b y exploring their different life situations.Limitations A very common limitation that I experience already in the line of work I do now is the fact that even though I am passionate about this field, the actuality of it is that I cannot change a person, they have to decide for themselves when that change is appropriate. Many times I have seen counselors burnout in this field because they feel they are not making any significant change due to many victims returning to the same abusive relationship or circumstance. So in theory, all of these techniques and theories are wonderful, but in reality they are dependent on the client.Summary Life is simple, it’s just not easy. People have to play the cards they are dealt. Life is not fair by any means and we could use this as an excuse to wallow in pity or use it to motivate us to overcome and conquer our situation. We are not validated by any one circumstance or person, we can choose to discover for ourselves who we are and who we wish to become. My personal counseling theory is just that, very personal because it was unknowingly developed over time due mostly through what I have experienced in life.

Medical Assistant Role Influencing Factors Essay Example

Medical Assistant Role Influencing Factors Essay Example Medical Assistant Role Influencing Factors Paper Medical Assistant Role Influencing Factors Paper A health assistant’s procedures are affected by own communication, ethics and organization in many instances. For efficiency, a health assistant has to also recognize required proficiencies, the style of occupation and prevailing environment. The paper will elaborate three instances in which a health assistant’s procedures were affected by personal principles, organization and communication of the health assistant. The first instance illustrates how a health assistants actions were influenced by the communication element. An arthritic woman had lost her husband in the immediate past. The woman was battling with her disease in a hospital lobby and still visibly mourning her husband. To add insult to injury, a patient who was friends with the departed husband was asking how the husband had died. The receptionist health office aide noticed the woman’s agony and her extreme discomfort in the prevailing circumstances ( oppapers. com/essays/Medical-Role-Influencing-Factors/151299). The health assistant walked out of the receptionist enclosure, approached the distraught woman and touched her warmly. The assistant inquired whether the lady would be more comfortable waiting at another location. This show of concern made the woman more composed. The health office aide’s empathy with the bereaved lady is good examples of how a model health assistant ought to behave. The health assistant illustrated to the distraught woman that she truly was devoted to and was concerned about the bereaved woman’s wellbeing in line with the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) dogma. In another instance, a patient’s illness had been erroneously diagnosed and inappropriate medications prescribed for them. That same day, upon realizing the error, the doctor who had attended to the patient about three hours earlier urgently called the health assistant and requested her to immediately trace the patient’s file. That particular health assistant had the habit of clearly and distinctively filing patients’ records as they came. Patients’ phone contacts were conspicuously shown in the very first page of the file. There were no incidences where files were strewn all over the place making it extremely hard to locate a particular file. Thanks to the health assistant’s orderliness, the file was promptly retrieved and the patient called to warn them against taking the earlier prescribed medication. The prompt and orderly personality of the health assistant was very critical since the patient said that she had just had her supper and was contemplating taking the medication. Episode three involves a health assistants ethical principles influencing their actions. One health ethical principle expressly defends the rights of patients to privacy as regards their health records. A man who had previously divorced his wife discreetly approached a health assistant and requested for a copy of his former wife’s hospital records. He explained that he wanted to use them against his former wife in an ongoing divorce lawsuit. The health assistant was even offered a tidy sum of money if he complied. However, the health assistant remained firm and categorically told the man that’s he couldn’t compromise medical ethics for whatever reason. In addition, the health assistant informed the health facility management of the estranged man’s intentions and thus the particular records in question were kept under lock and key in safe custody. This action of the health assistant facilitated the indirect protection of the former patients’ integrity and privacy ( ama-assn. org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ama-code-medical-ethics/principles-medical-ethics. shtml). References AMA – Principles of medical ethics – retrieved on 3rd April 2009 from ama-assn. org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/ama-code-medical-ethics/principles-medical-ethics. shtml

3 Cases of Suspensive Hyphenation That Are Missing a Hyphen

3 Cases of Suspensive Hyphenation That Are Missing a Hyphen 3 Cases of Suspensive Hyphenation That Are Missing a Hyphen 3 Cases of Suspensive Hyphenation That Are Missing a Hyphen By Mark Nichol When an adjective can be shared between two nouns to form a pair of parallel phrasal adjectives modifying another noun, the first instance of the simple adjective can be elided so that it is implied. However, writers often neglect to provide, in the form of a hyphen, a signpost identifying the elision. Here are three sentences featuring that flaw, followed by a discussion about, and a revision of, each. 1. The film covers the scene’s considerable sprawl, from the sketchy clubs and apartment dwellings to the bands and the drug and booze-fueled chaos that followed them. This statement refers to drug chaos and booze-fueled chaos. Obviously, the writer means â€Å"drug-fueled and booze-fueled chaos† but knows the rule described in the introduction to this post; in this case, fueled has correctly been omitted from drug-fueled, the first of two phrasal adjectives. However, the first element of the first phrasal adjective must be followed by a hyphen to signal that the elision is taking place: â€Å"The film covers the scene’s considerable sprawl, from the sketchy clubs and apartment dwellings to the bands and the drug- and booze-fueled chaos that followed them.† 2. This strategy breaks the training material up into several 2-3 minute videos. As constructed, this nonsensical sentence refers to something called minute videos; it refers, in quick succession, to several of them and 2–3 of them. The problem is that the writer knows that a hyphen should link a range of numbers (actually, a dash should, but many publications use a simple hyphen, so the point is acceptable) but errs in applying that rule in this case. This statement is complicated by the need for a phrasal adjective to modify â€Å"videos† with a reference to length, and â€Å"2-3-minute videos† is obviously not correct. The solution is to replace the symbol indicating a number range with to and refer to â€Å"2-minute to 3-minute videos,† though the first instance of minute can be deleted and implied: â€Å"This strategy breaks the training material up into several 2- to 3-minute videos.† 3. Why can’t humans hear infra and ultrasound? Here, the suspensive omission is part of a closed compound. This strategy is technically valid (the proper form is â€Å"Why can’t humans hear infra- and ultrasound?†) but in practice often awkward. In this case, forgo the elision: â€Å"Why can’t humans hear infrasound and ultrasound?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Capitalization Rules for the Names of Games10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Workplace smoking bans and perceived stress Article

Workplace smoking bans and perceived stress - Article Example A study was done to prove this hypothesis where a survey involving a 12-item job questionnaire is made to be answered by employees. This includes two categories of workplace smoking bans, with no ban being the reference category. Analysis controls would also determine an individual’s socio-demographic characteristics, occupational effects, health conditions and etc. A fixed-effects linear regression scale is used as a tool to control measured and unmeasured individual time-invariant confounders, which will strongly reveal the relationship between workplace smoking bans and work-related stress. The result of this study revealed the fact that there is a different relationship formed between workplace smoking bans (WSB) and work stress depending on different age groups. For males, who comprises the bigger smoking population, they experience higher stress caused by WSBs as compared to companies without smoking bans. Although the result is significantly similar with the females, there is quite a difference in estimates, specifically on the fact that younger females ages 18-40 years old would be highly stressed out in workplaces with smoking bans while older females ages 41-65 did not demonstrate any effect on WSBs with regard to their stress levels. Generally, workplace smoking bans directly increases work stress of young adult smokers and for people who has been smoking for a long time. Indeed, we can see the adverse effects of smoking and at the same time smoking bans. In response to it, protecting non-smokers and the environment through smoking bans is more reasonable and has greater positive effects rather than establishing a stress-free workplace. This is because of the fact that WSB’s do not only protect the general public and the earth but also helps smokers themselves by reducing smoking prevalence and intensity. Although little is known about