Specification and Design Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Determination and Design - Dissertation Example For example wrongdoing scenes where an individual had been shot, when the surgeons show up, they needed to hang tight for the police before they could spare the individual, along these lines the backers found the requirement for a correspondence framework where the data from a crisis scene would contact all the individuals engaged with the crisis all the while. The point of the task, along these lines, is to make a correspondence framework where data that started from a scene of crisis would contact all the individuals required simultaneously, in this way, rush the pace of reaction. In this venture, the arrangement that would empower the joining of the considerable number of individuals engaged with reaction in one call would be the utilization of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). In structuring the VoIP, a product will be planned that will empower a casualty of a crisis to speak with a few offices that are answerable for reacting to a specific crisis. The product will be structur ed so that for example when it is a fire crisis, the important work force will be informed which will be unique in relation to the instance of a wrongdoing scene. This will be empowered by the programming which when an individual picks the kind of a crisis, the product will guide the calls to the particular divisions that are mindful to react to the crisis. There will be no significant alterations, be that as it may, because of the modernity of wrongdoing and to abstain from altering of the product by hoodlums, the security convention of the product will be improved to coordinate the prescribed procedures in the correspondence division. Writing overview With the present paces in innovation where there is the expanding number of administration that is accessible over a wire and remote associations, the innovation is changing from narrowband, for example, phones over wires to the wideband where the administrations that recently utilized the narrowband would relocate and utilize the wi deband. As per Bonometti article, â€Å"competitive business points of interest in the time of brought together super convergence† advanced combination will extend by involving the accompanying. Improved uniformity in data stream between the link and link less correspondence advancements, which will be the result of changes in link less innovation, norms and convention. Genuine reliance between devices, stages and the sight and sound sorts that they support. The third thing that advanced combination will involve is the knowledge capacities, for example, the semantic web and other machine-based communications and inserted applications that empower content inquiries in rich media (Bonometti, 2009, p 248-257). An examination by William and Russell on Huawei, which is an innovation firm, situated in China where it has consistently been accepted that the nation is the best copier of advancements that have been created by different nations. In this examination, they discovered that regardless of Huawei being a worldwide pioneer in the arrangement of Softswitch stage that is utilized in VoIP, it has been associated with creating of advancements in the cutting edge systems (NGN) that accommodate the interactive media arrangement across various stages, for example, cell phones, landlines, and TVs. The article â€Å"Customized Executive Learning: a Business Model for the Twenty-First Century† by Jamie Anderson and Gert-Jan.

Performance of Goldman Sachs and Financial Ratio Analysis

Execution of Goldman Sachs and Financial Ratio Analysis Traditionally the Bank execution is assessed by investigation of the money related proportions. In any case, regardless of many number of proportions being determined, a shape that totally persuades the investigation of prerequisites and bank activities productivity assessment is yet to be created. Subsequently for these explanation, the money related proportion examination is offset with dissimilar to prominence assessments, with attributes, for example, association quality, value structure, energetic position and others which are fused in the finishing up appraisal. In this bit of work we will assess by and large execution of Goldman Sachs and basically examine how money related proportions are utilized to assess banks execution. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American venture banking and protections association which opening in worldwide speculation banking, protections, speculation the board, and recent budgetary administrations chiefly with institutional customers. Goldman Sachs was established in the year 1869 and its headquarter is at 200 West Street in the Lower Manhattan territory of New York City. It has extra workplaces in significant worldwide monetary centers. The Goldman Sachs offers mergers and acquisitions counsel, guaranteeing administrations, resource the board, and prime business to its customer base, which incorporate organizations, governments and people. The Goldman Sachs additionally participates in exclusive exchanging and private value bargains, and is an essential vendor in the United States Treasury security advertise (Goldman Sachs Website). Bank Internal Performance Evaluation Key arranging Goldman Sachs capacity to address and tap into significant monetary and money related patterns through jobs, for example, counsel, lender, showcase creator and resource administrator are basic for satisfying their crucial assistance spike development and perform unequivocally as a firm. Innovation Innovation is a center piece of GS item offering and customer experience. GS capacity to react rapidly and adequately to address its customers needs with tweaked frameworks, items and administrations separates the firm. An innovative bit of leeway for GS is that they have just a single focal hazard framework, which is mostly a side-effect of not having done different, significant acquisitions that regularly require blending and retrofitting stages. Work force improvement The accomplishment of the GSs endeavors are estimated by how viably their kin demonstration. After some time, powerful preparing and improvement have enhance their corporate culture and reinforce the estimations of customer administration and spotlight on reputational hazard the executives. Acknowledgment incorporates remuneration, advancement, assignments and portability openings. They have made it understood the connection between the conduct expected of its kin and the acknowledgment used to support it. This is fundamentally significant in light of the fact that it flags extensively the manner in which GS anticipates that its kin should act and lead business (Goldman Sachs Annual report 2010). Bank External Performance Evaluation Piece of the overall industry GS has as often as possible performed over the market regardless of compounding monetary conditions. Since the 2008, the organization has outpaced the market enough to draw open deference. With solid benefits and anticipated solid returns, the organization has put aside $500M to put resources into independent companies. These endeavors are a mix to both improve the economy and their open picture. Administrative consistence The Dodd-Frank enactment and new capital and liquidity prerequisites under Basel 3 are two of the more huge results from the ongoing spotlight on upgrading budgetary dependability. Given administrative usage is just barely starting, and hazy on how the new standards will eventually affect the business. The wide forms of new guideline, in any case, are clear: improve the wellbeing and adequacy of the worldwide budgetary framework, increment the straightforwardness of subordinates markets, limit certain contributing exercises and lessen the outcomes of a disappointment of an enormous monetary establishment. Open certainty Goldman Sachs declared in May 2010 that it shaped a Business Standards Committee to reshape its strategic policies and patch its notoriety. CEO Lloyd Blankfein said at the time that there is a distinction between how we see the firm and how the more extensive open sees our jobs and exercises. GSs investors, BoDs, customers and clients have upheld Mr. Blankfein through all the emergency and this shows their confidence in bank (Goldman Sachs Annual report 2010). 4.0 Analyzing Bank Performance with Profit Ratios Goldman Sachs money related execution was better in 2009â than 2010 and Q4 2009 was the best quarter since the downturn. 4.1 ROE Profit for value (ROE= total compensation after expenses/complete value) uncover GS capacity to create benefits from investors value (further alluded as net resources or resources less liabilities). At the end of the day, ROE shows how successfully an organization utilizes the investors cash. As observed in graphical portrayal above, obviously Goldman Sachs is offering a lower return on investors value when contrasted with year finished in2009. The ROE of GS for the most recent year was 18.93% when contrasted with 10.08% this year. There has a been a critical lessening in the ROE which proposes GS isn't using investors cash appropriately. GS return on value has declined considerably due to deleverage and is just insignificantly higher than its present expense of capital. 4.2 ROA Profit for resources (ROA = total compensation after duties/all out resources) is the means by which ingeniously a firm uses its advantages. From the equation it is very evident that higher the proportion, the organization is performing all the more productively and therefore is creating more benefits. A low ROA with colossal resources assign that the firm is dealing with its advantage at a poor rate. As observed in graphical portrayal above, it is seen that Goldman Sachs has given a lower ROA of 0.91% this year over 1.58% a year ago. There is one key separation among ROE and ROA and it is obligation. Without obligation, the investors value is same as all out resources of the firm which implies that for this situation, ROE and ROA are indistinguishable. Presently if the firm go to a choice to take an advance, ROE surpasses ROA. A raised ROE doesn't generally ensure an exceptional exhibition of a firm. Unexpectedly, ROA is then a more advantageous pointer of the monetary exhibition of a firm. With a high ROA and reasonable obligation, if ROE is additionally high it implies that the organization is creating good benefits utilizing investors cash. Be that as it may, if ROA is low and there is gigantic obligation conveyed by the organization, even a high ROE must be a deceptive figure. 4.3 Net Interest Margin 4.4 Leverage proportion Debt to Equity Ratio 4.5 Decomposition of ROE DuPont Analysis As uncovered in Appendix B, The ROE of a bank is reliant on a different elements and therefore change in any of these factor can influence the pace of profit for investors value of the bank. As Net Income is the principle source to figure ROE related to the investors value in the bank, each modification in the Income and Expense of the bank straightforwardly influences the overall gain and along these lines impact the ROE of a bank. The nitty gritty DuPont investigation of Goldman Sachs for year 2010 is introduced in Appendix B. The ROE is deteriorated as follows wrt dupont personality. Presently expecting that changes are made in Income or Expense levels of the Goldman Sachs, its impact will be seen on ROA and ROE. Let us consider a situation where the Interest Expense for Goldman Sachs goes somewhere around 10% and there are no adjustments to its Greatest advantage Income, following are the consequences for ROA and ROE of the bank. Situation 1 : - 5% change in intrigue cost Change Qualities after change Intrigue Expense - 10% 6125.4 Intrigue Income 0% 12309 Impact on NI 6680.6 39841.6 Impact on ROA +0.07% 0.99% Impact on ROE +0.88% 11.68% A couple of different circumstances with alteration altogether Non-premium Income and costs and their result on the ROA ROE of bank are parted with in the diagram underneath. Situation 2 : - 5% change in non-intrigue cost Change Qualities after change Complete Non-intrigue Income - 5% 31975.1 Impact on NI - 1682.9 37478.1 Impact on ROA - 0.19% 0.73% Impact on ROE - 1.46% 8.62% Situation 3 : +10% change in non-intrigue cost Change Qualities after change All out Non-intrigue Expenses 10% 27962 Impact on NI - 2542 3160 Impact on ROA - 0.31% 0.27% Impact on ROE - 4.44% 3.78% Bank Performance Evaluation Based on Economic Profit 5.1 Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC) In chance balanced profit for capital the capital is dispensed for two fundamental intentions: (1) hazard the executives and (2) execution assessment. On the side of hazard the executives justification, the banks most positive capital structure can be build up by distribution of cash-flow to singular specialty units. This strategy involves evaluating the measure of the hazard (instability) every specialty unit chip in to the all out danger of the bank and henceforth to its general capital prerequisites. Presently, for execution assessment work, RAROC structure apportion funding to specialty units as a major aspect of a methodology for molding the hazard balanced pace of return and, in the end, the monetary worth included of every specialty unit. The EVA of each and every specialty unit is its balanced overall gain less the measure of value capital dispensed to the unit times the necessary profit for value. The reason for existing is to figure a specialty units contribution to investor esteem thus to give a source to viable capital planning and impetus pay at the specialty unit level. RAROC is determined by isolating danger balanced net gain by the aggregate sum of monetary capital appointed which is reliant on the hazard estimation. Hazard balanced total compensation is determined by counting on the monetary information allocation and tweaking the pay explanation for anticipated misfortune. A further adjustment is additionally required to consider the impacts on the net intrigue edge in light of the fact that the consideration is moved from book profitabilit

Essay on Juvenile Cases

Essay on Juvenile Cases Juvenile Cases Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Juvenile Cases: Shawns Incident It was on 25th December 1998 when Shawn, a 16-year-old boy, attacked and stabbed his father repeatedly with a knife in Los Altos, a neighborhood of California. Shawns father received stab wounds on his arms, neck and head as a result of his sons attack. The puzzling issue about the attack was the fact that there was not concrete reason that could have explained the motive behind Shawns attack on his father. Both Shawn and his father had a history of having a cordial relationship; therefore, it was difficult to ascertain what prompted Shawn to attack his father. However, it emerged that Shawn had been using Marijuana. When confronted by the police over his actions, Shawn seemed not to be aware that he had attacked and stabbed his father. As a result of the attack, Shawn was taken to court on attempted murder charges. His prosecutors filed papers that intended to take Shawns trial to an adult court instead of the juvenile one. If Shawn was found guilty of the attempted murder charges, he would have faced a compulsory imprisonment that would have ranged from 15 years to a life sentence.

African-American History Timeline 1840 to 1849

The abolition movement picked up steam during the 1830s. In the decade that followed, freed African-Americans continued to lock arms with white abolitionists to fight against enslavement.   1840   The territory of Texas makes it unlawful to trade enslaved people. The state also considers it illegal for enslaved African-Americans to carry weapons without permission.  Black Codes are established in South Carolina. Under these codes, enslaved African-Americans are unable to gather in groups, earn money, grow crops independently, learn to read and own high-quality clothing.   1841 After a long legal battle, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that Africans aboard the Amistad ship are now free.  Residents of Texas are given the responsibility of catching runaway slaves and then, alerting local law enforcement.   1842   The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states do not need to offer assistance to recapturing runaway slaves in the case, Prigg v. Pennsylvania.  Georgia lawmakers declare that they will not consider freed African-Americans as citizens. 1843   Sojourner Truth  and  William Wells Brown become prominent speakers on the anti-slavery lecturing circuit.  New York, Vermont, and Ohio pass personal liberty laws in response to the Prigg v. Pennsylvania ruling.  Henry Highland Garnet  speaks at the National Negro Convention  and delivers Address to the Slaves. 1844 Beginning in 1844 through  1865, abolitionist William Still  assists  at least sixty enslaved African-Americans escape bondage every month. As a result, Still becomes known as the Father of the Underground Railroad.Connecticut also passes a personal liberty law.  North Carolina pass a law declaring it will not recognize freed African-Americans as citizens.  Oregon prohibits enslavement within the state.   1845 Texas enters the United States as a slave state.  Frederick Douglass  publishes The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The narrative is a bestseller  and is  reprinted nine times in its first three years of publication. The narrative is  also translated into French and Dutch.Abolitionist and writer Frances Watkins publishes her first collection of poetry, Forest Leaves.  Macon Bolling Allen  becomes the first African-American to be admitted to the bar and is allowed to practice law in Massachusetts.  William Henry Lane, also known as  Master Juba, is considered the first famous African-American performer.   1846 Missouri allows interstate trading of enslaved people.   1847 Douglass begins publishing  The North Star  in Rochester, NY. The publication is a result of his division with abolitionist William Lloyd Garrisons news publication  The Liberator.The state of Missouri prohibit freed African-Americans from receiving an education.  Ã‚  Robert Morris Sr.  becomes the first African-American attorney to file a lawsuit.  Abolitionists in the state of Missouri file a lawsuit to help Dred Scott  become free.  David Jones Peck graduates from Rush Medical College in Chicago, becoming the first African-American to graduate from a medical school in the United States.   1848   Douglass along with 30 other men  attend the Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Douglass is the only African-American man present and publicly supports Elizabeth Cady Stantons  stance on womens suffrage.  Several anti-slavery organizations work together to create the Free Soil Party. The group opposes the expansion of enslavement into western territories. The Republic Party will eventually be born from the Free Soil Party.  Following states such as New York, Connecticut, Vermont, and Ohio, Rhode Island also passes a personal liberty law.The first lawsuit challenging  separate but equal laws is fought in Boston. The case,  Robert v. Boston is filed by Benjamin Roberts files a school desegregation lawsuit for his daughter, Sarah, who was unable to register for public school in Boston. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and was used to support the separate but equal argument in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896.  Like Missouri, South Carolina abolishes laws placing restraints on interstate slave trading. 1849 The  California Gold Rush  begins. As a result, an estimated 4,000 African-Americans will migrate to California to participate in the Gold Rush.  Britain recognizes Liberia as a sovereign state. Joseph Jenkins, formerly of Virginia, becomes Liberias first president.  The Virginia legislature passes a law allowing an enslaved African-American to be freed by will or deed.  Like states such as South Carolina and Missouri, Kentucky lifts restraints on interstate slave trade.  Harriet Tubman  ends her enslavement by successfully escaping to the North. Tubman then begins to help other enslaved people reach freedom through the Underground Railroad.

Enron Is Responsible For The Crisis Of Confidence - 859 Words

K1.1 - 1 Enron – Enron is partially responsible for the crisis of confidence, because they committed the fraud via the special purpose entities. Because of the three percent rule, Enron was able to put lots of its liabilities onto those off-balance sheet entities. Also, Enron did not have adequate financial statement disclosures. Many of the top employees at Enron were able to â€Å"realize† an extraordinary profit within matters of a couple months because of the fraud. Additionally, Enron abused the mark-to-market accounting method for its long-term contracts. All of these fraudulent activities caused Enron’s profits to be overinflated. Andersen – Although Enron committed the fraud, Andersen allowed Enron to get away with it. An audit firm has to be independent from their client and act in the best interest of the public. For this reason, I think that Andersen was the most responsible for the Enron crisis. Andersen could have declined continuing their relationship with Enron as their client, considering some Andersen representatives did not agree with Enron’s â€Å"aggressive† accounting and financial reporting decisions in the early months of 2001. Andersen also assisted Enron in restructuring some of the SPEs so they would still be considered unconsolidated entities. Andersen not only audited Enron, but they also went beyond the scope of what the quality audit should entail. It was also telling when personnel in the Houston office destroyed documents related to Enron andShow MoreRelatedCorporate Scandals And The Implact Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1472 Words   |  6 Pagescollapsed in the early 2000s with the unravelling of Enron in October 2001 followed by the implosion of WorldCom and many others big corporations. The downfall of these major companies led to a wide spread crisis of confidence in the financial markets. A crisis caused by executive greed was able to be magnified when the gatekeepers, the auditors, lawyers and analysts, responsible for keeping businesses in check, also fell to greed. In response to this crisis and corruption, Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead Morecase 1 Essay758 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Brham S. Inocencio BSA IV-A CASE 01 – Enron Corporation 1. List three types of consulting services that audit firms have provided to their audit clients in recent years. For each item, indicate the specific threats, if any, that the provision of the given service can pose for an audit firm’s independence. In the recent years, auditing firms provides the following consulting services to their clients: a. Internal auditing b. Design of accounting systems c. Various types of Information TechnologyRead MoreEssay about Enron Case637 Words   |  3 Pages1. The Enron debacle created what one public official reported was a â€Å"crisis of confidence† on the part of the public in the accounting profession. List the parties who you believe are most responsible for that crisis. Briefly justify each of your choices. a) With Enron, the responsibility and blame started with Enron’s executives, Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow. Their goal was to make Enron into the world’s greatest company. To make this goal a reality, they created a companyRead MoreCoca-Cola Company901 Words   |  4 PagesWhy do you think Coca-Cola has had one ethical issue to resolve after another over the last decade or so? There is not single crisis situation for Coca-cola over last decade . The organization has been questioned in different areas of its operations from product to the relationship with workers . It has been facing allegations of misconduct and its questionable behaviour. Contaminated Product This is one of the most serious and frequent problem of Coca Cola products . In the case itRead MoreFailure And Fraud Of Enron1161 Words   |  5 Pagesobjective. In 2001, Enron, the seventh largest company in the U.S participated in fraudulent activity. The fraudulent activity committed by Enron was the beginning of an inevitable ripple of failure in the company’s future. Although Enron performed the major scandal, the auditing agency Arthur Andersen was highly responsible for their negligence and their participation in the deception of the financial investors. The general public didn t easily predict the downfall of Enron because it was one ofRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021274 Words   |  6 PagesIn the history of the United States, we have experienced numerous financial crisis, where millions have been affected. Some of them include the great depression in 1929, World War II, and recently the financial crisis of 2008. The government has tried to learn from these past events and implement new procedures that would prevent from occurring once again. However, it seems like there is always something new to learn from when these type of events occurs. As such, the government always tries to addressedRead MoreEthical Codes Of Conduct Are Secondary Thoughts1531 Words   |  7 PagesEnron, WorldCom and Bank of Credit and Commerce, just to name a few, runs chills up and down the spines of, well, just about everybody. These scandals swirled around several large businesses, and hinged on unethical practices – unethical accounting practices, specifically. The idea of ethics is a hot button these days in all genres. In fact, universities and colleges are including ethics in the curriculum of every discipline instead of offering an ethics major, per se (Kanaiah Kumar, 2009).Read MoreAgency Theory : Relationship Between Agents And The Business Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pageslevels of risk. Enron, was the world’s largest energy company in 2001. Enron forerunner, Northern Gas Company was incorporated in Delaware on April 25, 1930. From this date through July 1985, Enron had hundreds of purchases and new sub-entity constructions when they acquired Houston Natural Gas Inc. (Kastantin, 2005). On April 10, 1986, the company changed its name to Enron Corporation. Enron was an interstate and intrastate natural gas pipeline company, then later in 1989 Enron started trading naturalRead MoreENRON Case Study1572 Words   |  7 Pages1. The Enron debacle created what one public official reported was a â€Å"crisis of confidence† on the part of the public in the accounting profession. List the parties who you believe are most responsible for that crisis. Briefly justify each of your choices. Following parties are believed to be the most responsible for the crisis. With any big organization going so bad, the blame starts with the top level executives, there was no different in this case. For Enron the blame started with Enron’sRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The financial crisis of the early 2000s left many investors and stockholders nervous about the accuracy of financial statements issued by public companies. The financial crisis resulted after many previously successful companies suddenly tanked due to restatement of their financials. These companies include Enron, Tyco, Sunbeam, Rite-Aid, Xerox and WorldCom amongst others (Kieso, 2014, p. 17). How could many previously successful companies suddenly go belly-up? The evidence

Bhaviour across the lifespan Free Essays

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development is I think explained best the personality development of an individual. His theory focused on the boundary between the child and the environment and then graphed the evolution of the maturing ego’s relations with an expanding social world. Psychological developments results from the interaction between maturational process or biological needs and the societal demands and social forces encountered in everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Bhaviour across the lifespan or any similar topic only for you Order Now His theory concerns psychological development throughout the lifespan, rather than just the birth through adolescence. He based his theory on the concept of epigenetic principle, which means that development takes place in order, clearly identified stages, and that phase ought to be adequately resolved for growth to proceed smoothly. The eight stages of the life cycle clearly illustrate the development of an infant to his older years. He believes that development does not end when maturity is reached, but extends into old age which is very true. The process of learning continues throughout life. For instance, stage 1 of Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust theory, infants learn either to trust or mistrust that their needs will be met on the basis of their experience (Sternberg and Wilson, 2004). Successful passage of this stage leads to a child that wants to learn to become self-sufficient and to develop his own independence. At each step of development, children learn that certain behaviors are acceptable whereas others are not. The years of middle childhood are particularly for the learning taught by the family, culture, and society. Peer relationships become more important over family. Erikson believed that individuals on this stage search for an identity as part of the society and must balance the desire to be unique and the need to conform. Adulthood life stages focused on achieving unselfish love, the feeling of productivity and wisdom. Certainly, that many people experience conflicts at the ages Erikson specified, everyone would undergo the eight life cycles, but then successful passage of these stages can be a healthy experience for an individual. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been regarded as a neurotic disorder, like phobias and anxiety states. A neurotic patient, unlike a psychotic, he is aware that he has a problem- that is, he has insight and his contact with the outside world is relatively intact. People with this problem can suffer considerable distress, and often feel that they are helpless victims. Severe OCD can cause major incapacitation and drastically affects people’s lives. Criteria used for diagnosing OCD are: a person must have obsessions, compulsions or both; the disorder is not due to another disorder such as depression or organic disorders. Finally, the obsession and/or compulsion cause distress to the person and interfere with his life and activities (Penzel, 2000). A person with this disorder experienced unwanted recurrent and persistent thought which is not voluntarily produced just like when one is saying I am obsessed in football but experiences that invade a person’s consciousness that can be worrying, repugnant, blasphemous, obscene or nonsensical. An obsession is a passive experience: it happens to the person. He may be engaged in some activity, like driving a car, when the obsession intrudes into his consciousness. It disrupts his normal thinking and behavior. Compulsion on the other hand is a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior that is performed according to specific rules or in a stereotyped manner (Maj, 2003). The behavior is not an end in itself, but is usually intended to prevent some situation or event, though, the action is not related in a logical or reasonable way, or it may be clearly excessive. The person feels a strong compulsive urge to engage in a particular behavior which he carries out despite resistance and recognizing that it is irrational or excessive. Recovering from OC disorder is not simply a matter of sheer willpower or resistance. OC individuals need intensive help in retraining themselves, both in terms of behavior and their outlook on life. Therapies such as behavioral, cognitive and psychotherapy are the treatments that were used by psychiatrist in order to help an OC person to overcome his disease. Medications like antidepressants can also help to treat OCD, but important treatment came from the person itself, his willingness and the support from the people around him. WORK CITED Sternberg, R. Wilson, J. (2004). Psychology. US: Thomson Wadsworth Maj, M. (2003). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. England: John Wiley and Sons Penzel, F. (2000). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Complete Guide to Getting Well and Staying Well. New York: Oxford University Press How to cite Bhaviour across the lifespan, Papers

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example Essay Example

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example Paper The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Introduction The Big Business of Dairy Farming : Big Trouble for Cows June 11, 2007 Most people are aware that dairies in the United States bear little resemblance to the idyllic pastures of yesteryear. As with other branches of animal agriculture, such as chicken and egg production, hog farming, and beef production as well as crop growing small, traditional dairy farms have been steadily pushed out of the business by large agribusiness concerns. Since the mid-20th century, the growth of factory farming has led to the transformation of agriculture, forcing small farmers to? et big or get out.? Small farms cannot compete with big agricultural firms because they cannot achieve the same economies of scale. The American dairy industry annually produces about 20 billion gallons of raw milk, which is processed and sold as butter, cheese, ice cream, and fluid milk. This amounts to about INR 1,739. 31 billion in sales each year. There are between 65,000 and 81,000 U. S. dairies, yet corporate consolidati on means that about half of the milk sold comes from just under 4 percent of the farms. While the large number of brands and labels on store shelves would seem to indicate a diversity of sources, in reality many of these brands are owned by a handful of large corporations. For example, the countrys largest dairy producer, Dean Foods, owns 40 or so brands, 3 of them representing organic milk. As the number of dairy farms has decreased, the size of those remaining has increased. Between 1991 and 2004, the number of U. S. dairies dropped by almost half, and the number of dairies with 100 or more cows grew by 94 percent. Because big businesses typically seek continuously increasing profits, production must be maximized, almost always at the expense of the cows in one way or another. The cows must be pushed to produce more and more milk. The production of large amounts of milk has called for changes that affect the animal’s health, including the use of drugs, mechanization, and fa ctory-like housing conditions. Most dairy cows are raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); about 10 percent of those are considered large CAFOs, each with more than 700 dairy cattle. The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Body Paragraphs One of the keys to higher production and higher profits is to increase the milk yield while raising fewer cows. Between 1950 and 2000, the number of dairy cows in the United States fell by more than half, yet during that same period, the average annual milk yield more than tripled. What made this possible, and how has it affected the welfare of the animals? Frequent pregnancy Cows are like any other mammal in that they produce milk for the nurturing of their young; in order to lactate, a cow must recently have given birth. In her natural state, a cow gives birth after nine months of gestation and nurses her calf for seven months to a year. This is? wasted? time that a dairy factory farm can ill afford in addition to the fact that the milk is meant to go to market, not to the calf so calves born to dairy cows, whose primary purpose in being born is to induce lactation, are taken away either immediately after birth or within a day or so. This separation causes great distress to the mot her, who would normally feed the calf more than a dozen times a day and, like other mammals, forms a strong bond with her young soon after birth. Male calves are killed or sent off to be raised for veal or beef. Females become dairy cows like their mothers; frequent replacement of herd members is necessary because the death rate of dairy cows is very high. Cows natural life expectancy is 20 years or more, but the average dairy cow lives just 3 to 4 years, exhausted by constant lactation and frequent disease. Cows on factory farms give birth once a year as a result of artificial insemination. About two to three months after calving, a cow is once again impregnated, and the cycle begins again. Lactation continues throughout, except for a few weeks break in between its cessation (about eight months or so after calving) and the next time she gives birth. Thus, dairy cows are induced to produce milk for most of the year. High-protein feed and growth hormones Cows naturally eat grass, whi ch is how the bucolic image of dairy herds grazing in pastures became so well recognized. A diet of grass, however, is high-fiber and of low nutritional density and does not result in a high milk yield. The milk produced from this diet would be enough to feed a calf, but it is not enough to satisfy market needs. So modern dairy cows are fed a low-fiber, high-protein diet of grains such as corn and soy along with animal by-products. As ruminants, they have stomachs with four compartments that are made to process high-fiber grass; partially digested food, or cud, is regurgitated to again be chewed and swallowed, a process that occupies cows for up to eight hours a day. The feed given to cows on dairy farms, however, does not lend itself to this process and is thus difficult for them to digest, causing health problems. In addition, the use of high-protein diets because they contain animal protein, including, in the past, tissue from diseased cows has been implicated in the proliferatio n of mad cow disease. Another tool to increase milk yield is the use of the genetically engineered growth hormone rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone). This hormone contributes to an average milk prouction of 100 pounds of milk per cow per day, 10 times as much milk as a calf would need. Maintaining such high production for such an unnatural length of time exhausts the cows bodies and depletes them nutritionally to such a degree that even the nutritionally dense feed cannot compensate. Copious milk production causes cowsbones to become severely deficient in calcium. They thus become prone to fracture, and the result is a sharp increase in the number of? owned? cows, or? downers,? a general term for farm and food animals who collapse, unable to stand up again, and must be destroyed. The use of rBGH causes other serious problems, including chronic mastitis (a painful bacterial infection and swelling of the udder), which is related to overproduction of milk. To treat infections and help prevent them, dairy farms routinely administer antibiotics to their cows. Antibiotics and rBGH find their way into the milk that humans drink. It is known that the overuse of antibiotics, including routine preventative use, encourages the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. In addition, milk from cows given rBGH shows an increased presence of IGF-1, an insulin-like growth factor, which has been shown to cause cancer in humans. The amount of IGF-1 present in milk produced by cows given rBGH is two to 10 times that in non-rGBH milk. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for regulating the use of such supplements, not only has allowed the use of rBGH but has also refused to allow the labeling of milk to advise consumers that it contains the hormone. The United States is the only industrialized nation that permits the use of growth hormone in animals used for food. How dairy cows are housed In 2001 more than 75 percent of dairy cows had no access to pasture. Cows in many dairies are housed in a combination of outdoor and indoor facilities, such as sheds, outdoor dirt corrals, and stall barns that may not have access to the open air and where cows may be tied up or otherwise restrained for long periods of time. Cows who are restrained in stalls show signs of stress from social isolation and the inability to lie down; further, they are likely to develop teat and skin injuries, lameness, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Over the last few decades, agribusiness dairies have experienced great growth in the southwestern United States, which has a very different climate from the country’s traditional dairy-producing regions, including New England and the Midwest. The Southwest does not have expanses of grassland, and most dairy cattle there are housed in unpaved dirt lots, or drylots. The undeveloped surface of such lots is hard on the cows and causes frequent lameness. Drylots offer inadequate protectio n from the elements, and heavy rains create layers of mud and manure several inches thick, often making it difficult or impossible for the cows to walk or lie down on a dry surface, which dairy experts recognize as a health requirement for cows. Further, the population density on dirt feedlots tends to be very high. In the southern regions of California, one of the largest dairy-producing states, the average number of cows per dairy was 800 to 1,000 in 2005aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ more than three times higher than it was in 1972. High density makes it difficult to maintain sanitation, and dairy cows housed this way are subject to frequent illness and infections. Organic dairies Unlike the sorry state of most so-called free-range? hicken facilities, the majority of organic milk producers do treat their cows well, providing access to pasture and proper feed, avoiding growth hormones, and adhering to ethical standards. However, the growth of the organic milk industry in the 1990s and the early 2 000s has attracted the attention of agribusinesses, whose desire to participate in this lucrative market has led them to compromise organic standards and lobby for the degradation of such regulations at the federal level. According to a 2006 report by the Cornucopia Institute, a farm-policy research group, some of the countrys leading producers of milk, after entering the organic market, have attempted to transfer their factory-farm dairying techniques to the production of aâ‚ ¬? organicaâ‚ ¬? milk. The study found that nearly 20 percent of the organic-brand milk on store shelves was from producers following substandard practices. Consumers should be aware that some of the biggest names in the business are among those implicated. We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Pop Art

Pop Art Pop art was a movement that wasn’t so much a style, as a shared viewpoint about the artist’s modern environment. Some believe that pop art came about as a direct reaction against abstract impressionism. But the art is deeper than simply a rebellion; it allows a new perspective on culture. This perspective being the realization and acceptance of the twentieth century’s commercial culture that emerged out of the Second World War in a need by the public to reinvent the way they see their ordinary lives. When President Roosevelt formed the Works Progress Administration in 1935 to help artists through the depression, it had a stimulating affect on the New York art scene. Artists could meet together and discuss, and soon they saw that you didn’t need to go to Paris to paint, the artist simply needed to embrace his own confidence and knowledge and experience to produce fine art. Many European painters had been in New York at this point participating in the New York art scene, so when they returned home, many to England where simultaneously another independent pop art movement had started, there was a newfound reverence for American art, and culture. The enthusiastic, and ironic, paintings of these artists chose to embrace what the German called Capitalist Realism. The artists chose to incorporate the mass media and this consumerism into their art, both celebrating it and critiquing it. These artists painted for the now, they didn’t use an object, whether it be a symbol, person, or situation, until it was already well known to its audience in its usual setting. They highlighted not the commonplace in a painting, but the commonplace as a painting. Each artist in this movement had their own way to express their take on Capitalist Realism. One of the first English pop artists was Richard Hamilton, who defined pop art to him as, â€Å"popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmi... Free Essays on Pop Art Free Essays on Pop Art Pop Art Pop art was a movement that wasn’t so much a style, as a shared viewpoint about the artist’s modern environment. Some believe that pop art came about as a direct reaction against abstract impressionism. But the art is deeper than simply a rebellion; it allows a new perspective on culture. This perspective being the realization and acceptance of the twentieth century’s commercial culture that emerged out of the Second World War in a need by the public to reinvent the way they see their ordinary lives. When President Roosevelt formed the Works Progress Administration in 1935 to help artists through the depression, it had a stimulating affect on the New York art scene. Artists could meet together and discuss, and soon they saw that you didn’t need to go to Paris to paint, the artist simply needed to embrace his own confidence and knowledge and experience to produce fine art. Many European painters had been in New York at this point participating in the New York art scene, so when they returned home, many to England where simultaneously another independent pop art movement had started, there was a newfound reverence for American art, and culture. The enthusiastic, and ironic, paintings of these artists chose to embrace what the German called Capitalist Realism. The artists chose to incorporate the mass media and this consumerism into their art, both celebrating it and critiquing it. These artists painted for the now, they didn’t use an object, whether it be a symbol, person, or situation, until it was already well known to its audience in its usual setting. They highlighted not the commonplace in a painting, but the commonplace as a painting. Each artist in this movement had their own way to express their take on Capitalist Realism. One of the first English pop artists was Richard Hamilton, who defined pop art to him as, â€Å"popular, transient, expendable, low-cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmi...

Passionate and Impassioned

Passionate and Impassioned Passionate and Impassioned Passionate and Impassioned By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the words passionate and impassioned: Do they mean the same thing? If not, when should you use one and not the other? The word passion derives from a Latin verb that means â€Å"to suffer† or â€Å"to undergo.† One use of the noun is to name the sufferings of Jesus. For example, a â€Å"passion play† is a performance that reenacts the arrest and death of Jesus. The title of Dreyer’s play about the trial of Joan of Arc is called The Passion of Joan of Arc in reference to her sufferings, which the filmmaker felt paralleled the sufferings of Christ. Another sense of passion is â€Å"strong emotion.† It can refer to sexual passion or to a strong emotion like anger or indignation. A passionate person is readily swayed by emotions. In such expressions as â€Å"a passionate kiss† and â€Å"a passionate embrace,† the connotation is usually sexual. Someone swayed by strong feelings about some nonsexual purpose might be described as â€Å"a passionate reformer,† or â€Å"a passionate preacher.† Sports enthusiasts are said to be â€Å"passionate about football.† Although the words are mostly synonymous, impassioned perhaps has the connotation of strong feeling rooted in conviction. Here are some recent examples of both adjectives as used on the Web: The actor  then applied to the Grand Duke, and the latter, a  passionate lover  of  dogs, signified his desire that the request be granted. Part II explores the ways that prosecutorial  passion  might affect  plea. Because marriage is for the rest of my life, I think it will be more enjoyable if I married a person who is like a friend, as opposed to marrying for passionate love. WVU Womens Basketball Carey wants  passionate effort  against Oklahoma Freida Pinto Gave An Impassioned Feminist Speech Every Woman And Man Needs To Hear Impassioned crowds protest Ferguson decision in Boston Synonyms for passionate when the context is sexual: amorous ardent loving sexy sensual erotic lustful Synonyms for passionate in other contexts: intense emotional fervent vehement heated spirited energetic frenzied fiery wild violent Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?What Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

Globalization in India and Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization in India and Brazil - Essay Example The economy of India has the features of both socialistic and capitalistic economy. The economy was stratified into sectors entirely reserved for the government and sectors reserved for the private. The government had a strict control over the business community through the licensing and reservations. The economy of India in the 1980s was mostly dependent on the foreign borrowings. "In June 1991 India's condition on foreign exchange reserves was poor and precarious. India made a proposal for a loan of US$ 2.26 billion from the IMF. In view of the destitution that the country was in, it had no alternative than to succumb to the World Bank-IMF prescription in embarking on the so-called stabilization and structural adjustment programmes as a precondition to loan. The World Bank was ready with its proposed 'Strategy for Trade Reform'. As a result, thus, India introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1991" (Mishra, 2006). India started its trade liberalization and globalization hand in hand out of compulsion to survive. As a result, the major reforms that were introduced were: The above-mentioned measures were some of the prominent introduced by the government. But these measures were heavily criticized by the conservative leftist parties. It was predicted that India would be flooded by foreign-made goods and the local industry would be crushed. Among emerging market economies, India is considered as a location of consequence for foreign firms because of prospective opportunities that arise for reasons such as the market size referred to and human resources. The high talent and relatively low cost of Indian managers can make the transfer of capabilities easier to Indian subsidiaries, reducing the need for expatriate staff and increasing the feasibility of using Indian subsidiaries as an export platform (Cable, 1995). Though globalization in India had its bumps, the economy is now reaping the benefits of globalization. The economy has become stronger and Indian co mpanies have started to set up operations based out of India( Chibber, 1999). Though globalization was able to give the much-needed boost to the docile economy, the benefits of the process are mostly enjoyed by the urban mass and there are very little benefits enjoyed by rural India. Globalization in Brazil Brazil is a growing economy in its path of development through its effective globalization initiatives. According to Richard L. Harris, in order for globalization to occur, a country must partake in a global process of cross-border flows of products, services, capital, people and information(Harris, 2005). The three most prominent areas of change in the Brazilian economy are the agricultural changes, military weapons development, and overseas construction. (Sanchez, 2005). Before globalization, Brazil was concentrating on its only cash crop, Sugar.  Ã‚  

Direct Solar Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Direct Solar Energy - Research Paper Example The solar technologies are categorized as active and passive solar technologies depending in the manner in which they capture convert and distribute solar energy. For example, active solar technologies use solar power for transforming sun rays into electricity directly by means of photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly through concentrated solar space (CSP). The direct solar energy systems generate electricity in one of the two ways: photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. The total worldwide capacity of CSP has been growing at an average annual rate of 50 %. However, Ellis, et al. (2013) notes that the CSP have lower renewable energy contribution as compared to solar photovoltaics. The current photovoltaic power generation is 189 GW and is produced by crystalline silicon, concentrating, and thin-film PV.Even though the conventional energy account for 70% of the global energy consumption, the current consumption patterns would not be sustainable in future because of their environm ental impact to climate change and depletion. In this perspective, solar energy is renewable and it cannot be depleted. Direct solar energy mitigates global warming, enhances sustainability, reduces pollution, discourages the use of fossil fuels because solar energy is cheap, and reduces the required transmission lines of the electricity grids, as well as improving the quality of water resources.In general, the costs of renewable energy are lower as compared to that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

Steganography, Cryptography And Watermarking

Steganography, Cryptography And Watermarking Steganography has been derived from Greek word Stego which means Covered and Graphia which means writing. Steganography is an ancient technique of covert communication. The earliest form of Steganography has been reported by the Chinese. The secret message was written in very fine silk or paper, and then it was rolled into a ball and covered with wax. The messenger would either swallow the ball or hide it in his nether parts. Herodotus has mentioned in one of his seminal works of history, Histories during the 400B.C about the tradition of secret writing. In his writings he has mentioned about the conflicts between Greece and Persia. A king named Histiaeus encouraged the Aristagoras of Miletus to revolt against the Persian king. He used to tonsure the head of his most trusted servants and tattooed the scalps with secret message and waited for the hair to grow. The servant used to travel between the borders without carrying anything contentious freely. At the reception end his head wou ld be tonsured again and the message will be conveyed. Similarly during the World War II, the Germans invented the use of microdots. Image containing great details were scaled down to the size of microdots. The German usage of secret sharing is regarded as the recent evolution of Steganography. Another example of Steganography is during the Vietman War were the captured US armed force showed hand gestures during a photo sessions to convey some military secrets. The field of Steganography is limitless and any kind of cover media can be used for carrying secret messages. Cover medias can be text, images (grey, binary, color), audio, video etc. An example is illustrated as follows. Siva and Adam dined happily. The following message is not simply a plain text but it carries a secret message within it. By extracting every second letter from each word we derive a secret message as follows. India Other methods of non technical Steganography is using lime and other citrus liquids to write secret data. The message will be imperceptible to the eye. When it is shown over a flame the writings will become perceptible. Steganography is method of information hiding. Steganography can be considered as an art as well as science for secret communication. The best way to explain the purpose of using Steganography is the Prisoner Problem. Now let us consider two prisoners Alice and Bob, and Wendy to be the warden. Now if Alice and Bob want to devise a plan for escaping then they got to communicate with each other. If Wendy is a passive warden then he wont interfere in there communication but if he is an active warden then he will interfere and extract the secret message sent. Hence Alice and Bob got to communicate in such a way that Wendy is not able to decipher there plan. This can be done by the technique of Steganography. Steganography is been used in order to enable secret communication. It is also being used by terrorist for covert communication which is potential for endangering our national as well as world security. Despite the ill effect there are positive sides of Steganography. For example a photographer can store the aperture size, future references etc while taking a picture. Steganography has a wide application in medical imaging were the details of the patients are embedded within the medical image. Similarly Steganography can be used for different friendly applications. It is also used for copy right protection using it along with Watermarking. The use of Steganography also has an important role in strengthening national security. Steganography is defined as secret hiding. It can also be regarded as secret sharing since messages can be shared secretly without being hacked or corrupted. COMPARISON BETWEEN CRYPTOGRAPHY, STEGANOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING The other forms of data hiding are cryptography and watermarking. Cryptography is a technique in which the secret message is encrypted and sent in an unintelligent format. The basic difference between Steganography and cryptography is that Cryptography scrambles the data whereas Steganography just hides the data. Cryptography scrambles the secret data in such a way that it appears to be gibberish to any unintended user. The secret data to be communicated is a mixture of permutation and substitution and hence any unintended user cant receive the message. Steganography is different from Cryptography. Steganography rather hides the data whereas Cryptography encrypts the data. Steganography provides much more security when compared to cryptography because there is no chance of any unintended user to know that a message is being sent whereas in Cryptography there will always be a suspicion that a message is being sent. Hence these are more prone to be hacked or suppressed. Watermarking is generally used for authentication and copyrights protection. Watermarking can be used for creating a image in order that it is recognizable. It can also be used to mark a digital file so that it is intended to be visible (visible watermarking) or visible to its creator (invisible marking). The main purpose of watermarking is to prevent the illegal copying or claim of ownership of digital media. CHARACTERISTICS OF STEGANOGRAPHY, CRYPTOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING The common characteristic between Steganography, Cryptography and Watermarking is that they transmit the secret information in such a way that only the receiver is able to decrypt the data. These techniques had been prevalent during the ancient times have been transported to the digital world. It has become nearly impossible to extract or detect the secret messages. In digital domain Steganography and watermarking have a tie and it is majorly used in digital images. These have other uses as well. Both cannot exist by themselves and hence they require cover objects. Steganography requires a cover media to carry the secret information and watermarking requires a carrier object which it is intended to protect. These similarities create a link within them and hence some modifications can lead the transportation from one technique to another. Due the similarities present between these it is difficult to distinguish between the both but actually there is a remarkable difference between the m. Cryptography encrypts data in two methods secure or unbreakable (e.g. One-time pad) systems and breakable (e.g. RSA) systems. Through both the systems communication carried out is known to all. But it is time consuming and often fruitless to crack a code. The robustness of the code lies upon the difficulties faced while reversing the code in different permutations and combinations. Due to its robustness it is used for security purposes. For example Cryptography is used for online shopping, banking etc. The credit card number, expiration etc and other crucial informations are encrypted and sent so that an unintended user cant access the details. Steganography offers high carrier capacity keeping embedded message invisible and maintaining the fidelity of the cover media. The efficiency of the Steganographic method is that one shouldnt know that a media file has been altered in order for embedding. If the malicious user knows if there is some alteration the Steganographic method is defeated and less efficient. The embedded message is very fragile and hence if any modification is done to the stego image th e whole secret message is corrupted. The effectiveness lies on the ability to fool an unintended user. The layers of communication can be more than one layer. A secret message can be embedded with a digital image which in turn can be embedded within another digital media or video clippings. Watermarking is required in order for authentication and copyright protection of digital files. The embedded watermarking is required in an object to make it impossible to remove completely. If the embedded watermarking is removed, then the marked object is either distorted or destroyed making it useless for anyone. This is the reason why watermarking is more robust when compared to the other image processing techniques, such as compression, cropping, rotation etc. hence even if a tiny bit of information is extracted by modification and tempering the rightful owner can still claim ownership. If the owners name is embedded in the digital image and the particular image then the original information is tampered and destroyed. Unlike Steganography, it is acceptable for everyone one to see the watermark embedded in it including the invisible ones. COMBINED EFFORTS OF STEGANOGRAPHY, CRYPTOGRAPHY AND WATERMARKING Cryptography is used as a paisano of the other two data hiding techniques. Data is encrypted in both the techniques in order to increase the randomness of the Steganography to avoid the statistics-based attacks and to protect the hidden data in watermarking. Commonly it is a practice to first encrypt the data and then use any one of the embedded techniques. The importance of watermarking can be stated as follows. Suppose Rs 100 bill is introduced in December 2009 then watermarking is required in order to prevent illegal copies. If the bill is shown in light a small image will appear within the large image. The watermarking is actually a part of the large paper and is visible on both sides. Hence it becomes difficult to produce a paper with such features. In addition to these features some tiny writings which are invisible to the human eyes are present in the paper. A banker having the necessary equipments (magnifying glass) can tell the difference between the original bill and the fake bill. Steganography makes its play here. The tiny printing done on the bill represents Steganography. It is implemented in order to achieve high security. The tiny printing done in the paper cannot be copied since any commercial printer is incapable to print such a fine and thin print leading to black spots. These are the reasons why Steganography is used for high security. Cryptography is actually implemented in the bill. A serial number is been printed in the bill which may contain information about the location and date of bill is printed or any other confidential information. The unique serial number for each bill can be used for tracking purposes. Using Steganography, Cryptography and Watermarking it becomes impossible to reproduce Rs100 bill. It must be kept in mind that all three are different and have different functionality. REQUIREMENTS OF STEGANOGRAPHY Any digital media can be used as a cover media. The cover media can be a text, image (color, gray), audio or video etc. Cover media is required in order to hide and carry the information. Usually digital images are required in order to hide secret messages. The secret message is hidden within the digital image. After the message is embedded within the cover media An innocuous image consisting of scenery, people and other objects are the nominees for cover media. The availability of natural images is not a problem due to the affordable price of digital cameras nowadays. Natural images are the best candidates for cover image since they have higher resolution providing flexibility and other necessary need. Images are selected because the cover media is selected depending upon how the human visual system works. The gray image consists of pixels with intensity value from 0 to 255. The human eye cannot differentiate between a pixel intensity of 244 and 245. It will appear both the pixel intensities to be same. Also natural image s contains lots of noise and hence there is lots of pixel value intensity difference especially in the edges. This variation in the pixel intensity is known as randomness and can be exploited to embed the data without providing any suspicion to human eye. The human visual system wont be able to distinguish between the image before modulation and the image after modulation. The secret data is embedded within the cover image. The resulting image is called a stego-image. The stego-image will appear to be the same as the original image. The human eye cannot usually distinguish between the stego-image and the original image except there is a significant change between the images. In that case the Steganographic method employed is ineffective. Hence there are certain Stego-system criteria which we have to follow while doing a Stegagraphic implementation. They are stated as follows. The major criteria of Steganography that the cover media shouldnt be significantly altered or modified. The embedded data should be directly encoded in the cover and not in the header or wrapper. The embedded data should be immune to modifications of the cover. That is if the cover media under goes any change then data embedded within it should be unaltered. During transmission there are chances of noise to occur and hence distortion due to noise cannot be eliminated. Due to this issue error coding algorithms should be included where ever it is required. It is advisable to avoid the suspicious portions while embedding the message in the cover. This because after embedding in these regions they become open to suspicion. For example by embedding in smooth portions of the image, the resultant image becomes distorted and open to suspicion. Hence such portions are often avoided and portions where there is variation in the pixel intensity are preferred. The embedding efficiency must be improved. Efficiency of the embedding capacity depends upon the number of pixels in the image used for embedding purposes. The stego-image should be robust to steganalysis. Steganalysis is a method of identifying the difference between the original image and stego-image. Using steganalysis one can derive the information about the secret message. The stego-image should reassemble the original image and there should be any suspicion. The cover image should have high carrier capacity. That is the embedding capacity should be large. The amount of information present in the image should be resistant to distortion and should be comparable to the number of pixels present in the image. The three basic requirements of Steganography are robustness, capacity and imperceptibility. All these requirements should be satisfied for having an effective Steganographic method.

Bachelor of Social Work Application

Social work is a vital part of every community. Social work aims at better understanding the issues concerning the people with respect to their environment and works on improving the living standards and the general human conditions. It is the science of exploring the dilemmas present in societies and community and make positive changes to social justice and economic status. This paper would address to questions social work related issues and problems. It would elaborate on the ethical concerns of social work. Moreover, it would discuss the role of self awareness with respect to social work.Discussion Social work related issue: Working as a social correspondent is not an easy task. Social work involves the responsibilities of insuring the rehabilitation of the society and its counterparts in a way that a better quality of life is granted to the people through solving the domestic issues and problems. One of the pressing issues in today's communities and homes is the abundant use of d rugs. over the passage of time, one of the major relief giver that people find from the tension and stress of the fast paced lifestyles is the use of drugs to relax the mind.Drug abuse is often an addiction and it has a vital affect on an individuals environments. Youngsters are more prone to this issue and need protection in situations where there family members are drug abusers. It is the responsibility of social workers to make sure that there are no youngsters that are at risk at home or elsewhere due to drug abusing and if cases are found, youngsters need to be taken into care. Social workers often find it difficult to assess the number of children that are living in high risk situations where they are not available with adequate safety, protection and support from drug abusing parents.In societies where there are no legal regulations and inadequate authorities, people are prone to drug abuse and this is when the social work is needed in order to maintain the safety and protect ion for the residents. Professional ethics in social work practice: Being aware of the ethical codes is a fundamental part of being a professional social worker. The ethical responsibilities that rest with social workers include the factor of loyalty that they have towards their work. Social workers work in the best interest of people and this often conflicts with the factors of efficiency and utility.Furthermore, it is a fact that the resources are often limited when it comes to working within societies. One of the major foils of the professional ethical code of conduct of social workers is the factor of mutual respect and dignity of everyone. Social work is the profession that encourages social change and it builds the relationship among people in order to enhance their well-being. For social work to be effective and efficient, social workers need to defend each person's emotional, physical and psychological well being and integrity in the best manner possible.Social workers are a lso responsible for maintaining social justice. For this to be effective, they need to respect diversity and abstain from discrimination on the bases of age, sex, culture, socio-economics background and various other aspects. Social work inherits the ethical responsibility of challenging any unjust policies or practices that are carried out and ensure that all the resources are distributed fairly according to the needs. (Levy, 1993) There are some other ethical codes of conduct that need to be followed by social workers in order to remain professional and qualifies in their field.It is unlawful to use the social work in negative schemes such as torturing or black mailing people into getting them to act in certain ways. Social workers are expected to retain empathy and compassion while dealing with people. Confidentiality of the people of use social services and accountability of actions are also important characteristics of the ethical responsibilities of social workers. (Levy, 1993 ) Self-awareness: Self awareness in social work is as important as the ethical implications.It is important to keep a respectful and non-judgmental attitude when working with people. Self awareness is basically the recognition of the element of one's personality. It includes the strengths, weaknesses, likes and dislikes. It is very important for social workers to develop self awareness as it helps them in recognizing when and how they get under pressure and stressed. Self awareness is vital for a more open and thorough communication because interpersonal relations is the core of social work.Self awareness is correlated with ethics and it helps ensure that the workers are empathetic towards the people and they develop and consciousness of how they view the world and the values that they hold. Developing an understanding on one's own values, cultures and beliefs helps in respecting a multicultural and diversified view of the society. Once the thoughts, beliefs, personality traits, val ues and biases that lie within a person are recognized, it is easy for the workers to acknowledge the different identifies and personalities that exist in societies and it is easier to overcome biases and maintain a more empathetic overview.Self awareness is therefore a skill that is critical for social workers to inculcate in order for them to acquire professional growth and become competent in their field. Conclusion In the end it is important to understand that social work involves dealing with all kinds of people and rehabilitating them and the society as a whole in order to facilitate justice and enable a better quality and standard of living for the society. Hence, it is important to maintain ethical responsibilities and carry out the work without any implicit bias. References Levy, C. S (1993). Social work ethics on the line. Haworth press.

Conversion Disorder - 860 Words

Conversion disorder is a medical condition where its sufferers present neurological symptoms such as paralysis, numbness, blindness or fits without a known neurological trigger. Conversion disorder, formerly known as hysteria is considered a psychiatric disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies it as a somatoform disorder. Contrary, World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) classifies it as a dissociative disorder. The diagnosis of this neurological disorder has been problematic in the past, since doctors have conceptually and practically differentiated its symptoms from those of neurological diseases for which it is known to be. Most psychologists have†¦show more content†¦The diagnosis of conversion disorder involves three elements all of which present some degree of controversy. These three elements are: the exclusion of neurological disease, feigning and finally the determination of a psychological mechanism. During the first stage, conversion disorder may resemble neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke or epilepsy therefore they must be carefully excluded through appropriate examinations. In rare cases, patients with neurological disease may also have conversion disorder, which further complicates the determination of the degree of the conversion disorder in the patient. Exclusion of conscious simulation is only possible where a patient confesses or is caught ou t in a broader deception. Lastly, establishment of a psychological mechanism is the most difficult aspect of conversion disorder diagnosis. DSM-IV recommends that clinicians assume preceding stressors to be associated with the progress of the disorder which is still a subject of debate. Notably, cultural influences have been noted to affect the somatoform disorders. Cultures such as the Puerto Rican and the Greek are known to report higher rates of somatization disorders among the men than is the case in the United States. In addition, cases of somatization disorders are less common among persons with higher levels of education compared to the less educated. According to Robert (2002), rates are higher outside of the west, which can be attributed toShow MoreRelatedConversion Disorder And Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder954 Words   |  4 Pages Conversion Disorder/Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder Abstract Functional Neurological Disorder Symptoms also known as conversion disorder, is a disorder that doctors say isn’t a real disorder that patients seem to make up. The appearance of conversion disorder is often related to traumas or even milder stressors such as the loss of employment or divorce. The following essay will give a general breakdown of what the conversion disorder is, what the symptoms are, the pathophysiologyRead MoreConversion Disorder Is A Mental Health Condition924 Words   |  4 PagesConversion disorder is a mental health condition in which a person suddenly has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation. Conversion disorder is known by many other names such as, functional neurological symptom disorder, pseudo neurologic syndrome, hysterical neurosis, somatoform disorders, hysteria, and psychogenic disorder. All of these names stem from a mental condition that shows psychological stress in physical way s, also known asRead MoreIs Treating Homosexuality Ethical and Effective1940 Words   |  8 PagesIts effectiveness as well as the ethics involved stir up much debate. Since homosexuality is not an illness, The American Psychological Association reiterated the ‘long-standing official position that homosexuality and bisexuality are not mental disorders, (APA, 1998) (Slife, 2004), can it be treated? If it can, how, and under what circumstances it should be used, are important questions. Before discussing treatment, original orientation must be understood. Kinsey suggests that sexual orientationRead MoreSelf Esteem Effects Of Minors Who Undergo Conversion Therapy Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Esteem Effects of Minors who Undergo Conversion Therapy Matt Sklenka Cleveland State University â€Æ' Abstract Recently, conversion therapy has been shown to produce harmful effects in adults, including decreased self-esteem. This research proposal summarizes some of these findings, identifies a gap in the research with minors, and addresses issues related to this gap. Furthermore, a research design to examine the relationship between minors who undergo conversion therapy and self-esteem is exploredRead MoreConversion Therapy And Its Effects On The Lgbtq Community1218 Words   |  5 PagesAbout 30 years ago, homosexuality was declassified as a mental disorder. It would be assumed that treatments for to change homosexuality would end. However, conversion therapy is still being used today, even our future Vice President, Mike Pence, believes in such treatment. That alone is a huge threat to people of the LGBTQ+ community. Conversion therapy is affecting the LGBTQ+ community greatly. Conversion therapy can be defined as â€Å"psychological interventions, from behavioral methods to psychoanalyticRead MoreThe Psychology Of Conversion Therapy1874 Words   |  8 Pagesstart to think of the effects of correcting or convert someone’s behavior to a more â€Å"favorable† one. This idea is present in today’s society and to better understand this believe and practice one will have to explore the psychology of conversion therapy. Conversion Therapy or reparative therapy is a â€Å"range of dangerous and discredited practices that falsely claim to change a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity or expression† (Human Rights Campaign). This defines what Hard Rock experiencesRead MoreThe Legality Of Conversion Therapy1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legality of Conversion Therapy The issues surrounding sexuality and gender nonconforming individuals in the United States have played an increasingly large role in modern politics since the mid-20th century. These issues, commonly referred to LGBT rights, directly affect the lives of a vast number of American citizens and, as such, any legislation addressing these issues is public policy. The growing demand for equality among the LGBT community has resulted in a number of Supreme Court casesRead MoreNutrition And Its Effects On Health933 Words   |  4 Pagesone’s mental health as well. The most common mental disorders that are prevalent in numerous countries are depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The dietary pattern of the general population in many countries reflect that they are often deficient in many nutrients, especially essential vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Deficiency in these vitamins can lead to depression. Depression is a disorder associated with major symptoms such as increasedRead MoreThe Case Of Leslie Wilfred1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthe couple asked the community for donations to pay for medical bills. Leslie then brought up her other child who was supposedly raped by a former co-worker when she was 11-years-old. Leslie stated how her children suffered from psychological disorders, yet the children were so well dressed and looked healthy, that the community never questioned their illnesses. Throughout all these statements, Chris was told that Leslie would handle all the bills and treatments, so he did not have to worry aboutRead MoreAre You Insane Or Insane?875 Words   |  4 Pageshave used this term in some fashion or another. What is interesting about this term is that it is not a mental disorder, it is a legal term that is used in the court system to describe a defendant in a trail. The Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition says, â€Å"Insane is a medically obsolete term for mental derangement or a disorder. Insanity is now a purely legal term, denoting a condition due to which a person lacks criminal responsibility

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety - 926 Words

Psychological disorder on anxiety. Anxiety is a universal human experience and is a human emotion. It can be defined as a feeling of apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or dread resulting from a real or perceived threat. Anxiety is a vague sense of dread related to an unspecified or unknown danger. Most people’s anxiety is caused by fear. Fear is a reaction to a specific danger and can cause anxiety in a person. Anxiety affects everyone at a deeper level. It invades the central core of the personality and erodes feelings of self-esteem and personal worth. Anxiety can cause physical symptoms. Some symptoms are shakiness, raped heart rate, and increased respirations to name a few. There are many classifications of anxiety disorders. There are generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Each disorder has their own characteristics and symptoms of anxiety. Anxiety often occur with other mental dis orders. Bipolar disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, and major depressive disorders. Anxiety disorders can be genetic, or from the use of caffeine, drugs and alcohol. Anxiety can come from the withdrawals from caffeine, drugs, and alcohol also. Anxiety is a normal healthy reaction necessary for survival. It provides energy that is needed to carry out tasks, to strive towered goals, and motivate. Anxiety can be helpful in motivate people to make and survive changes inShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1008 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Anxiety, depression, and medications†¦ These are all things we need to take into consideration when thinking about everyday life. Anxiety has become a generalized factor of life and many people suffer from it everyday. Yes, everyone knows what it s like to feel anxious but not like those with anxiety. Different types of anxiety have different types symptoms and causes. Even though every anxiety is different they are all controlled by one thing--you. Anxiety comes in many forms you haveRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1269 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of mind, often accompanied by nervous behavior and a series of unpleasant feelings and a symptom of underlying health problems. â€Å"Anxiety is not the same as fear, which fear is a response to an immediate threat, whereas anxiety is the expectation of a future threat†. Anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate emotional response to a perceived threat and is related to the specific behaviors of fight-or-flight responses, defensiveRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1319 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety When asked to do a report on a health related subject I didn’t have to wonder. There was no concern on what subject I would pick. It is plain and simple. I would write on panic disorder. PTSD, or generalized anxiety. This would give me a stage to set some clarity to what is seen as just a group of people who are not as mentally tough as other people. Ever get nervous before a big test? Feel stressed and anxious about a situation. In a state of constant worry. Great because that isRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety2556 Words   |  11 PagesAnxiety is not disease but a symptom; it is a bodily response to protect itself from an appearing threat. The threat may or may not be logical but due to adaptation it works as a protective mechanism to prevent from being in danger. As this response was once conditioned into the system, there are also ways to un-condition our responses. Anxiety levels have never been higher in university students than they are today. Some manage on their own to cope with the tension, obsessive thoughts and sleeplessRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1491 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems there are. 1 in 4 adults will have an anxiety disorder in their lifetime, and 1 in 10 people will have an anxiety disorder each year. However, most of the people that suffer from anxiety don’t receive proper treatment for it. Anxiety is sometimes ignored as something normal, even when it is serious. This is one of the reasons why a person would have an anxiety disorder for a long period of time. A multitude of people are uninformed of theRead MoreAnxiety : Symptoms And Symptoms1199 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Content Page: Everyone has daily worries, such as money, friendships, or family problems. Do you, or does someone you love, experience extreme worry about these things and more, even when there’s no reason to be so worried? People with Anxiety are very anxious about just getting through each day, and generally think things will always go badly. This excess worrying prevents these people from doing everyday tasks. These are common signs and symptoms of people suffering from anxiety. Does itRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety876 Words   |  4 PagesNormal and Abnormal Anxiety Anxiety is a reaction to things that stress you. It is normal to have some anxiety at work, school, or home. It is when anxiety becomes a daily occurrence with no known cause that it is categorized as a disorder. Anxiety, panic, and depression often begin with normal stress that gets out of control. Hectic lifestyles lead to poor eating habits, less restful sleep, deficiencies in vitamins and minerals the body needs, and higher levels of stress. You don’t have to workRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety9666 Words   |  39 Pagesyou are constantly out of control and will never get rid of your anxiety. These thoughts may momentarily flash through your mind, bringing with them feelings of fear. The more you think about these feelings, the more fear seems to come as a result. Your nervous system may become disturbed and your stomach may also feel the effects of these negative thoughts. Your general physical health can suffer greatly as a result of anxiety. Anxiety is a vicious cycle; the more you dwell on the negative thoughtsRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1295 Words   |  6 PagesAnxiety Disorder Many people experience anxiety and nervousness from time to time, typically about a near event, something with an uncertain outcome, problem at work, or making an important decision. It is a normal human emotion and a normal part of life, however, anxiety disorders are not and they are very different. Anxiety disorders are psychiatric disorders which are very serious mental illness. People with anxiety disorders experience overwhelming and constant worry and fear. It often don’tRead MoreAnxiety Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1063 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety is a feeling we can all relate too, some worse than others. Believe it or not, anxiety can be a normal feeling. The emotion you get before an exam, new job interview, or going on the first date, that is anxiety. There are differences in normal anxiety and pathological (abnormal) anxiety. Normal anxiety should last for a short amount of time and cause some discomfort. Now if the anxiety starts to become prolonged and caus es the person to become incapacitate, that is when it becomes pathological