Specification and Design Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Determination and Design - Dissertation Example For example wrongdoing scenes where an individual had been shot, when the surgeons show up, they needed to hang tight for the police before they could spare the individual, along these lines the backers found the requirement for a correspondence framework where the data from a crisis scene would contact all the individuals engaged with the crisis all the while. The point of the task, along these lines, is to make a correspondence framework where data that started from a scene of crisis would contact all the individuals required simultaneously, in this way, rush the pace of reaction. In this venture, the arrangement that would empower the joining of the considerable number of individuals engaged with reaction in one call would be the utilization of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). In structuring the VoIP, a product will be planned that will empower a casualty of a crisis to speak with a few offices that are answerable for reacting to a specific crisis. The product will be structur ed so that for example when it is a fire crisis, the important work force will be informed which will be unique in relation to the instance of a wrongdoing scene. This will be empowered by the programming which when an individual picks the kind of a crisis, the product will guide the calls to the particular divisions that are mindful to react to the crisis. There will be no significant alterations, be that as it may, because of the modernity of wrongdoing and to abstain from altering of the product by hoodlums, the security convention of the product will be improved to coordinate the prescribed procedures in the correspondence division. Writing overview With the present paces in innovation where there is the expanding number of administration that is accessible over a wire and remote associations, the innovation is changing from narrowband, for example, phones over wires to the wideband where the administrations that recently utilized the narrowband would relocate and utilize the wi deband. As per Bonometti article, â€Å"competitive business points of interest in the time of brought together super convergence† advanced combination will extend by involving the accompanying. Improved uniformity in data stream between the link and link less correspondence advancements, which will be the result of changes in link less innovation, norms and convention. Genuine reliance between devices, stages and the sight and sound sorts that they support. The third thing that advanced combination will involve is the knowledge capacities, for example, the semantic web and other machine-based communications and inserted applications that empower content inquiries in rich media (Bonometti, 2009, p 248-257). An examination by William and Russell on Huawei, which is an innovation firm, situated in China where it has consistently been accepted that the nation is the best copier of advancements that have been created by different nations. In this examination, they discovered that regardless of Huawei being a worldwide pioneer in the arrangement of Softswitch stage that is utilized in VoIP, it has been associated with creating of advancements in the cutting edge systems (NGN) that accommodate the interactive media arrangement across various stages, for example, cell phones, landlines, and TVs. The article â€Å"Customized Executive Learning: a Business Model for the Twenty-First Century† by Jamie Anderson and Gert-Jan.

Performance of Goldman Sachs and Financial Ratio Analysis

Execution of Goldman Sachs and Financial Ratio Analysis Traditionally the Bank execution is assessed by investigation of the money related proportions. In any case, regardless of many number of proportions being determined, a shape that totally persuades the investigation of prerequisites and bank activities productivity assessment is yet to be created. Subsequently for these explanation, the money related proportion examination is offset with dissimilar to prominence assessments, with attributes, for example, association quality, value structure, energetic position and others which are fused in the finishing up appraisal. In this bit of work we will assess by and large execution of Goldman Sachs and basically examine how money related proportions are utilized to assess banks execution. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American venture banking and protections association which opening in worldwide speculation banking, protections, speculation the board, and recent budgetary administrations chiefly with institutional customers. Goldman Sachs was established in the year 1869 and its headquarter is at 200 West Street in the Lower Manhattan territory of New York City. It has extra workplaces in significant worldwide monetary centers. The Goldman Sachs offers mergers and acquisitions counsel, guaranteeing administrations, resource the board, and prime business to its customer base, which incorporate organizations, governments and people. The Goldman Sachs additionally participates in exclusive exchanging and private value bargains, and is an essential vendor in the United States Treasury security advertise (Goldman Sachs Website). Bank Internal Performance Evaluation Key arranging Goldman Sachs capacity to address and tap into significant monetary and money related patterns through jobs, for example, counsel, lender, showcase creator and resource administrator are basic for satisfying their crucial assistance spike development and perform unequivocally as a firm. Innovation Innovation is a center piece of GS item offering and customer experience. GS capacity to react rapidly and adequately to address its customers needs with tweaked frameworks, items and administrations separates the firm. An innovative bit of leeway for GS is that they have just a single focal hazard framework, which is mostly a side-effect of not having done different, significant acquisitions that regularly require blending and retrofitting stages. Work force improvement The accomplishment of the GSs endeavors are estimated by how viably their kin demonstration. After some time, powerful preparing and improvement have enhance their corporate culture and reinforce the estimations of customer administration and spotlight on reputational hazard the executives. Acknowledgment incorporates remuneration, advancement, assignments and portability openings. They have made it understood the connection between the conduct expected of its kin and the acknowledgment used to support it. This is fundamentally significant in light of the fact that it flags extensively the manner in which GS anticipates that its kin should act and lead business (Goldman Sachs Annual report 2010). Bank External Performance Evaluation Piece of the overall industry GS has as often as possible performed over the market regardless of compounding monetary conditions. Since the 2008, the organization has outpaced the market enough to draw open deference. With solid benefits and anticipated solid returns, the organization has put aside $500M to put resources into independent companies. These endeavors are a mix to both improve the economy and their open picture. Administrative consistence The Dodd-Frank enactment and new capital and liquidity prerequisites under Basel 3 are two of the more huge results from the ongoing spotlight on upgrading budgetary dependability. Given administrative usage is just barely starting, and hazy on how the new standards will eventually affect the business. The wide forms of new guideline, in any case, are clear: improve the wellbeing and adequacy of the worldwide budgetary framework, increment the straightforwardness of subordinates markets, limit certain contributing exercises and lessen the outcomes of a disappointment of an enormous monetary establishment. Open certainty Goldman Sachs declared in May 2010 that it shaped a Business Standards Committee to reshape its strategic policies and patch its notoriety. CEO Lloyd Blankfein said at the time that there is a distinction between how we see the firm and how the more extensive open sees our jobs and exercises. GSs investors, BoDs, customers and clients have upheld Mr. Blankfein through all the emergency and this shows their confidence in bank (Goldman Sachs Annual report 2010). 4.0 Analyzing Bank Performance with Profit Ratios Goldman Sachs money related execution was better in 2009â than 2010 and Q4 2009 was the best quarter since the downturn. 4.1 ROE Profit for value (ROE= total compensation after expenses/complete value) uncover GS capacity to create benefits from investors value (further alluded as net resources or resources less liabilities). At the end of the day, ROE shows how successfully an organization utilizes the investors cash. As observed in graphical portrayal above, obviously Goldman Sachs is offering a lower return on investors value when contrasted with year finished in2009. The ROE of GS for the most recent year was 18.93% when contrasted with 10.08% this year. There has a been a critical lessening in the ROE which proposes GS isn't using investors cash appropriately. GS return on value has declined considerably due to deleverage and is just insignificantly higher than its present expense of capital. 4.2 ROA Profit for resources (ROA = total compensation after duties/all out resources) is the means by which ingeniously a firm uses its advantages. From the equation it is very evident that higher the proportion, the organization is performing all the more productively and therefore is creating more benefits. A low ROA with colossal resources assign that the firm is dealing with its advantage at a poor rate. As observed in graphical portrayal above, it is seen that Goldman Sachs has given a lower ROA of 0.91% this year over 1.58% a year ago. There is one key separation among ROE and ROA and it is obligation. Without obligation, the investors value is same as all out resources of the firm which implies that for this situation, ROE and ROA are indistinguishable. Presently if the firm go to a choice to take an advance, ROE surpasses ROA. A raised ROE doesn't generally ensure an exceptional exhibition of a firm. Unexpectedly, ROA is then a more advantageous pointer of the monetary exhibition of a firm. With a high ROA and reasonable obligation, if ROE is additionally high it implies that the organization is creating good benefits utilizing investors cash. Be that as it may, if ROA is low and there is gigantic obligation conveyed by the organization, even a high ROE must be a deceptive figure. 4.3 Net Interest Margin 4.4 Leverage proportion Debt to Equity Ratio 4.5 Decomposition of ROE DuPont Analysis As uncovered in Appendix B, The ROE of a bank is reliant on a different elements and therefore change in any of these factor can influence the pace of profit for investors value of the bank. As Net Income is the principle source to figure ROE related to the investors value in the bank, each modification in the Income and Expense of the bank straightforwardly influences the overall gain and along these lines impact the ROE of a bank. The nitty gritty DuPont investigation of Goldman Sachs for year 2010 is introduced in Appendix B. The ROE is deteriorated as follows wrt dupont personality. Presently expecting that changes are made in Income or Expense levels of the Goldman Sachs, its impact will be seen on ROA and ROE. Let us consider a situation where the Interest Expense for Goldman Sachs goes somewhere around 10% and there are no adjustments to its Greatest advantage Income, following are the consequences for ROA and ROE of the bank. Situation 1 : - 5% change in intrigue cost Change Qualities after change Intrigue Expense - 10% 6125.4 Intrigue Income 0% 12309 Impact on NI 6680.6 39841.6 Impact on ROA +0.07% 0.99% Impact on ROE +0.88% 11.68% A couple of different circumstances with alteration altogether Non-premium Income and costs and their result on the ROA ROE of bank are parted with in the diagram underneath. Situation 2 : - 5% change in non-intrigue cost Change Qualities after change Complete Non-intrigue Income - 5% 31975.1 Impact on NI - 1682.9 37478.1 Impact on ROA - 0.19% 0.73% Impact on ROE - 1.46% 8.62% Situation 3 : +10% change in non-intrigue cost Change Qualities after change All out Non-intrigue Expenses 10% 27962 Impact on NI - 2542 3160 Impact on ROA - 0.31% 0.27% Impact on ROE - 4.44% 3.78% Bank Performance Evaluation Based on Economic Profit 5.1 Risk-Adjusted Return on Capital (RAROC) In chance balanced profit for capital the capital is dispensed for two fundamental intentions: (1) hazard the executives and (2) execution assessment. On the side of hazard the executives justification, the banks most positive capital structure can be build up by distribution of cash-flow to singular specialty units. This strategy involves evaluating the measure of the hazard (instability) every specialty unit chip in to the all out danger of the bank and henceforth to its general capital prerequisites. Presently, for execution assessment work, RAROC structure apportion funding to specialty units as a major aspect of a methodology for molding the hazard balanced pace of return and, in the end, the monetary worth included of every specialty unit. The EVA of each and every specialty unit is its balanced overall gain less the measure of value capital dispensed to the unit times the necessary profit for value. The reason for existing is to figure a specialty units contribution to investor esteem thus to give a source to viable capital planning and impetus pay at the specialty unit level. RAROC is determined by isolating danger balanced net gain by the aggregate sum of monetary capital appointed which is reliant on the hazard estimation. Hazard balanced total compensation is determined by counting on the monetary information allocation and tweaking the pay explanation for anticipated misfortune. A further adjustment is additionally required to consider the impacts on the net intrigue edge in light of the fact that the consideration is moved from book profitabilit

Essay on Juvenile Cases

Essay on Juvenile Cases Juvenile Cases Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Juvenile Cases: Shawns Incident It was on 25th December 1998 when Shawn, a 16-year-old boy, attacked and stabbed his father repeatedly with a knife in Los Altos, a neighborhood of California. Shawns father received stab wounds on his arms, neck and head as a result of his sons attack. The puzzling issue about the attack was the fact that there was not concrete reason that could have explained the motive behind Shawns attack on his father. Both Shawn and his father had a history of having a cordial relationship; therefore, it was difficult to ascertain what prompted Shawn to attack his father. However, it emerged that Shawn had been using Marijuana. When confronted by the police over his actions, Shawn seemed not to be aware that he had attacked and stabbed his father. As a result of the attack, Shawn was taken to court on attempted murder charges. His prosecutors filed papers that intended to take Shawns trial to an adult court instead of the juvenile one. If Shawn was found guilty of the attempted murder charges, he would have faced a compulsory imprisonment that would have ranged from 15 years to a life sentence.

African-American History Timeline 1840 to 1849

The abolition movement picked up steam during the 1830s. In the decade that followed, freed African-Americans continued to lock arms with white abolitionists to fight against enslavement.   1840   The territory of Texas makes it unlawful to trade enslaved people. The state also considers it illegal for enslaved African-Americans to carry weapons without permission.  Black Codes are established in South Carolina. Under these codes, enslaved African-Americans are unable to gather in groups, earn money, grow crops independently, learn to read and own high-quality clothing.   1841 After a long legal battle, the U.S. Supreme Court finds that Africans aboard the Amistad ship are now free.  Residents of Texas are given the responsibility of catching runaway slaves and then, alerting local law enforcement.   1842   The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states do not need to offer assistance to recapturing runaway slaves in the case, Prigg v. Pennsylvania.  Georgia lawmakers declare that they will not consider freed African-Americans as citizens. 1843   Sojourner Truth  and  William Wells Brown become prominent speakers on the anti-slavery lecturing circuit.  New York, Vermont, and Ohio pass personal liberty laws in response to the Prigg v. Pennsylvania ruling.  Henry Highland Garnet  speaks at the National Negro Convention  and delivers Address to the Slaves. 1844 Beginning in 1844 through  1865, abolitionist William Still  assists  at least sixty enslaved African-Americans escape bondage every month. As a result, Still becomes known as the Father of the Underground Railroad.Connecticut also passes a personal liberty law.  North Carolina pass a law declaring it will not recognize freed African-Americans as citizens.  Oregon prohibits enslavement within the state.   1845 Texas enters the United States as a slave state.  Frederick Douglass  publishes The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. The narrative is a bestseller  and is  reprinted nine times in its first three years of publication. The narrative is  also translated into French and Dutch.Abolitionist and writer Frances Watkins publishes her first collection of poetry, Forest Leaves.  Macon Bolling Allen  becomes the first African-American to be admitted to the bar and is allowed to practice law in Massachusetts.  William Henry Lane, also known as  Master Juba, is considered the first famous African-American performer.   1846 Missouri allows interstate trading of enslaved people.   1847 Douglass begins publishing  The North Star  in Rochester, NY. The publication is a result of his division with abolitionist William Lloyd Garrisons news publication  The Liberator.The state of Missouri prohibit freed African-Americans from receiving an education.  Ã‚  Robert Morris Sr.  becomes the first African-American attorney to file a lawsuit.  Abolitionists in the state of Missouri file a lawsuit to help Dred Scott  become free.  David Jones Peck graduates from Rush Medical College in Chicago, becoming the first African-American to graduate from a medical school in the United States.   1848   Douglass along with 30 other men  attend the Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY. Douglass is the only African-American man present and publicly supports Elizabeth Cady Stantons  stance on womens suffrage.  Several anti-slavery organizations work together to create the Free Soil Party. The group opposes the expansion of enslavement into western territories. The Republic Party will eventually be born from the Free Soil Party.  Following states such as New York, Connecticut, Vermont, and Ohio, Rhode Island also passes a personal liberty law.The first lawsuit challenging  separate but equal laws is fought in Boston. The case,  Robert v. Boston is filed by Benjamin Roberts files a school desegregation lawsuit for his daughter, Sarah, who was unable to register for public school in Boston. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and was used to support the separate but equal argument in the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896.  Like Missouri, South Carolina abolishes laws placing restraints on interstate slave trading. 1849 The  California Gold Rush  begins. As a result, an estimated 4,000 African-Americans will migrate to California to participate in the Gold Rush.  Britain recognizes Liberia as a sovereign state. Joseph Jenkins, formerly of Virginia, becomes Liberias first president.  The Virginia legislature passes a law allowing an enslaved African-American to be freed by will or deed.  Like states such as South Carolina and Missouri, Kentucky lifts restraints on interstate slave trade.  Harriet Tubman  ends her enslavement by successfully escaping to the North. Tubman then begins to help other enslaved people reach freedom through the Underground Railroad.

Enron Is Responsible For The Crisis Of Confidence - 859 Words

K1.1 - 1 Enron – Enron is partially responsible for the crisis of confidence, because they committed the fraud via the special purpose entities. Because of the three percent rule, Enron was able to put lots of its liabilities onto those off-balance sheet entities. Also, Enron did not have adequate financial statement disclosures. Many of the top employees at Enron were able to â€Å"realize† an extraordinary profit within matters of a couple months because of the fraud. Additionally, Enron abused the mark-to-market accounting method for its long-term contracts. All of these fraudulent activities caused Enron’s profits to be overinflated. Andersen – Although Enron committed the fraud, Andersen allowed Enron to get away with it. An audit firm has to be independent from their client and act in the best interest of the public. For this reason, I think that Andersen was the most responsible for the Enron crisis. Andersen could have declined continuing their relationship with Enron as their client, considering some Andersen representatives did not agree with Enron’s â€Å"aggressive† accounting and financial reporting decisions in the early months of 2001. Andersen also assisted Enron in restructuring some of the SPEs so they would still be considered unconsolidated entities. Andersen not only audited Enron, but they also went beyond the scope of what the quality audit should entail. It was also telling when personnel in the Houston office destroyed documents related to Enron andShow MoreRelatedCorporate Scandals And The Implact Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act1472 Words   |  6 Pagescollapsed in the early 2000s with the unravelling of Enron in October 2001 followed by the implosion of WorldCom and many others big corporations. The downfall of these major companies led to a wide spread crisis of confidence in the financial markets. 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Bhaviour across the lifespan Free Essays

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development is I think explained best the personality development of an individual. His theory focused on the boundary between the child and the environment and then graphed the evolution of the maturing ego’s relations with an expanding social world. Psychological developments results from the interaction between maturational process or biological needs and the societal demands and social forces encountered in everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Bhaviour across the lifespan or any similar topic only for you Order Now His theory concerns psychological development throughout the lifespan, rather than just the birth through adolescence. He based his theory on the concept of epigenetic principle, which means that development takes place in order, clearly identified stages, and that phase ought to be adequately resolved for growth to proceed smoothly. The eight stages of the life cycle clearly illustrate the development of an infant to his older years. He believes that development does not end when maturity is reached, but extends into old age which is very true. The process of learning continues throughout life. For instance, stage 1 of Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust theory, infants learn either to trust or mistrust that their needs will be met on the basis of their experience (Sternberg and Wilson, 2004). Successful passage of this stage leads to a child that wants to learn to become self-sufficient and to develop his own independence. At each step of development, children learn that certain behaviors are acceptable whereas others are not. The years of middle childhood are particularly for the learning taught by the family, culture, and society. Peer relationships become more important over family. Erikson believed that individuals on this stage search for an identity as part of the society and must balance the desire to be unique and the need to conform. Adulthood life stages focused on achieving unselfish love, the feeling of productivity and wisdom. Certainly, that many people experience conflicts at the ages Erikson specified, everyone would undergo the eight life cycles, but then successful passage of these stages can be a healthy experience for an individual. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been regarded as a neurotic disorder, like phobias and anxiety states. A neurotic patient, unlike a psychotic, he is aware that he has a problem- that is, he has insight and his contact with the outside world is relatively intact. People with this problem can suffer considerable distress, and often feel that they are helpless victims. Severe OCD can cause major incapacitation and drastically affects people’s lives. Criteria used for diagnosing OCD are: a person must have obsessions, compulsions or both; the disorder is not due to another disorder such as depression or organic disorders. Finally, the obsession and/or compulsion cause distress to the person and interfere with his life and activities (Penzel, 2000). A person with this disorder experienced unwanted recurrent and persistent thought which is not voluntarily produced just like when one is saying I am obsessed in football but experiences that invade a person’s consciousness that can be worrying, repugnant, blasphemous, obscene or nonsensical. An obsession is a passive experience: it happens to the person. He may be engaged in some activity, like driving a car, when the obsession intrudes into his consciousness. It disrupts his normal thinking and behavior. Compulsion on the other hand is a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior that is performed according to specific rules or in a stereotyped manner (Maj, 2003). The behavior is not an end in itself, but is usually intended to prevent some situation or event, though, the action is not related in a logical or reasonable way, or it may be clearly excessive. The person feels a strong compulsive urge to engage in a particular behavior which he carries out despite resistance and recognizing that it is irrational or excessive. Recovering from OC disorder is not simply a matter of sheer willpower or resistance. OC individuals need intensive help in retraining themselves, both in terms of behavior and their outlook on life. Therapies such as behavioral, cognitive and psychotherapy are the treatments that were used by psychiatrist in order to help an OC person to overcome his disease. Medications like antidepressants can also help to treat OCD, but important treatment came from the person itself, his willingness and the support from the people around him. WORK CITED Sternberg, R. Wilson, J. (2004). Psychology. US: Thomson Wadsworth Maj, M. (2003). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. England: John Wiley and Sons Penzel, F. (2000). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Complete Guide to Getting Well and Staying Well. New York: Oxford University Press How to cite Bhaviour across the lifespan, Papers

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example Essay Example

The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Example Paper The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Introduction The Big Business of Dairy Farming : Big Trouble for Cows June 11, 2007 Most people are aware that dairies in the United States bear little resemblance to the idyllic pastures of yesteryear. As with other branches of animal agriculture, such as chicken and egg production, hog farming, and beef production as well as crop growing small, traditional dairy farms have been steadily pushed out of the business by large agribusiness concerns. Since the mid-20th century, the growth of factory farming has led to the transformation of agriculture, forcing small farmers to? et big or get out.? Small farms cannot compete with big agricultural firms because they cannot achieve the same economies of scale. The American dairy industry annually produces about 20 billion gallons of raw milk, which is processed and sold as butter, cheese, ice cream, and fluid milk. This amounts to about INR 1,739. 31 billion in sales each year. There are between 65,000 and 81,000 U. S. dairies, yet corporate consolidati on means that about half of the milk sold comes from just under 4 percent of the farms. While the large number of brands and labels on store shelves would seem to indicate a diversity of sources, in reality many of these brands are owned by a handful of large corporations. For example, the countrys largest dairy producer, Dean Foods, owns 40 or so brands, 3 of them representing organic milk. As the number of dairy farms has decreased, the size of those remaining has increased. Between 1991 and 2004, the number of U. S. dairies dropped by almost half, and the number of dairies with 100 or more cows grew by 94 percent. Because big businesses typically seek continuously increasing profits, production must be maximized, almost always at the expense of the cows in one way or another. The cows must be pushed to produce more and more milk. The production of large amounts of milk has called for changes that affect the animal’s health, including the use of drugs, mechanization, and fa ctory-like housing conditions. Most dairy cows are raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); about 10 percent of those are considered large CAFOs, each with more than 700 dairy cattle. The Big Business of Dairy Farming Essay Body Paragraphs One of the keys to higher production and higher profits is to increase the milk yield while raising fewer cows. Between 1950 and 2000, the number of dairy cows in the United States fell by more than half, yet during that same period, the average annual milk yield more than tripled. What made this possible, and how has it affected the welfare of the animals? Frequent pregnancy Cows are like any other mammal in that they produce milk for the nurturing of their young; in order to lactate, a cow must recently have given birth. In her natural state, a cow gives birth after nine months of gestation and nurses her calf for seven months to a year. This is? wasted? time that a dairy factory farm can ill afford in addition to the fact that the milk is meant to go to market, not to the calf so calves born to dairy cows, whose primary purpose in being born is to induce lactation, are taken away either immediately after birth or within a day or so. This separation causes great distress to the mot her, who would normally feed the calf more than a dozen times a day and, like other mammals, forms a strong bond with her young soon after birth. Male calves are killed or sent off to be raised for veal or beef. Females become dairy cows like their mothers; frequent replacement of herd members is necessary because the death rate of dairy cows is very high. Cows natural life expectancy is 20 years or more, but the average dairy cow lives just 3 to 4 years, exhausted by constant lactation and frequent disease. Cows on factory farms give birth once a year as a result of artificial insemination. About two to three months after calving, a cow is once again impregnated, and the cycle begins again. Lactation continues throughout, except for a few weeks break in between its cessation (about eight months or so after calving) and the next time she gives birth. Thus, dairy cows are induced to produce milk for most of the year. High-protein feed and growth hormones Cows naturally eat grass, whi ch is how the bucolic image of dairy herds grazing in pastures became so well recognized. A diet of grass, however, is high-fiber and of low nutritional density and does not result in a high milk yield. The milk produced from this diet would be enough to feed a calf, but it is not enough to satisfy market needs. So modern dairy cows are fed a low-fiber, high-protein diet of grains such as corn and soy along with animal by-products. As ruminants, they have stomachs with four compartments that are made to process high-fiber grass; partially digested food, or cud, is regurgitated to again be chewed and swallowed, a process that occupies cows for up to eight hours a day. The feed given to cows on dairy farms, however, does not lend itself to this process and is thus difficult for them to digest, causing health problems. In addition, the use of high-protein diets because they contain animal protein, including, in the past, tissue from diseased cows has been implicated in the proliferatio n of mad cow disease. Another tool to increase milk yield is the use of the genetically engineered growth hormone rBGH (recombinant bovine growth hormone). This hormone contributes to an average milk prouction of 100 pounds of milk per cow per day, 10 times as much milk as a calf would need. Maintaining such high production for such an unnatural length of time exhausts the cows bodies and depletes them nutritionally to such a degree that even the nutritionally dense feed cannot compensate. Copious milk production causes cowsbones to become severely deficient in calcium. They thus become prone to fracture, and the result is a sharp increase in the number of? owned? cows, or? downers,? a general term for farm and food animals who collapse, unable to stand up again, and must be destroyed. The use of rBGH causes other serious problems, including chronic mastitis (a painful bacterial infection and swelling of the udder), which is related to overproduction of milk. To treat infections and help prevent them, dairy farms routinely administer antibiotics to their cows. Antibiotics and rBGH find their way into the milk that humans drink. It is known that the overuse of antibiotics, including routine preventative use, encourages the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. In addition, milk from cows given rBGH shows an increased presence of IGF-1, an insulin-like growth factor, which has been shown to cause cancer in humans. The amount of IGF-1 present in milk produced by cows given rBGH is two to 10 times that in non-rGBH milk. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration, which is responsible for regulating the use of such supplements, not only has allowed the use of rBGH but has also refused to allow the labeling of milk to advise consumers that it contains the hormone. The United States is the only industrialized nation that permits the use of growth hormone in animals used for food. How dairy cows are housed In 2001 more than 75 percent of dairy cows had no access to pasture. Cows in many dairies are housed in a combination of outdoor and indoor facilities, such as sheds, outdoor dirt corrals, and stall barns that may not have access to the open air and where cows may be tied up or otherwise restrained for long periods of time. Cows who are restrained in stalls show signs of stress from social isolation and the inability to lie down; further, they are likely to develop teat and skin injuries, lameness, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Over the last few decades, agribusiness dairies have experienced great growth in the southwestern United States, which has a very different climate from the country’s traditional dairy-producing regions, including New England and the Midwest. The Southwest does not have expanses of grassland, and most dairy cattle there are housed in unpaved dirt lots, or drylots. The undeveloped surface of such lots is hard on the cows and causes frequent lameness. Drylots offer inadequate protectio n from the elements, and heavy rains create layers of mud and manure several inches thick, often making it difficult or impossible for the cows to walk or lie down on a dry surface, which dairy experts recognize as a health requirement for cows. Further, the population density on dirt feedlots tends to be very high. In the southern regions of California, one of the largest dairy-producing states, the average number of cows per dairy was 800 to 1,000 in 2005aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ more than three times higher than it was in 1972. High density makes it difficult to maintain sanitation, and dairy cows housed this way are subject to frequent illness and infections. Organic dairies Unlike the sorry state of most so-called free-range? hicken facilities, the majority of organic milk producers do treat their cows well, providing access to pasture and proper feed, avoiding growth hormones, and adhering to ethical standards. However, the growth of the organic milk industry in the 1990s and the early 2 000s has attracted the attention of agribusinesses, whose desire to participate in this lucrative market has led them to compromise organic standards and lobby for the degradation of such regulations at the federal level. According to a 2006 report by the Cornucopia Institute, a farm-policy research group, some of the countrys leading producers of milk, after entering the organic market, have attempted to transfer their factory-farm dairying techniques to the production of aâ‚ ¬? organicaâ‚ ¬? milk. The study found that nearly 20 percent of the organic-brand milk on store shelves was from producers following substandard practices. Consumers should be aware that some of the biggest names in the business are among those implicated. 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